diff --git a/e2e/guide.spec.ts b/e2e/guide.spec.ts
index a4de376f4..6db7c9639 100644
--- a/e2e/guide.spec.ts
+++ b/e2e/guide.spec.ts
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ test.describe('Guide 页面', () => {
     await page.click('[data-testid="get-started-button"]', { force: true })
 
     // 应该导航到创建钱包页
-    await expect(page).toHaveURL(/\/#\/wallet\/create\/?/)
+    await expect(page).toHaveURL(/(\/#\/wallet\/create)|(\/#\/onboarding\/create)\/?/)
   })
 
   test('我有钱包按钮导航到导入钱包页', async ({ page }) => {
@@ -79,6 +79,6 @@ test.describe('Guide 页面', () => {
     await page.click('[data-testid="have-wallet-button"]', { force: true })
 
     // 应该导航到导入钱包页
-    await expect(page).toHaveURL(/\/#\/wallet\/import\/?/)
+    await expect(page).toHaveURL(/(\/#\/wallet\/import)|(\/#\/onboarding\/recover)\/?/)
   })
 })
diff --git a/playwright.config.ts b/playwright.config.ts
index df569f833..ccca30610 100644
--- a/playwright.config.ts
+++ b/playwright.config.ts
@@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ export default defineConfig({
         viewport: { width: 1280, height: 720 },
       },
     },
+    {
+      name: 'Mobile Safari',
+      use: {
+        ...devices['iPhone 12'],
+      },
+    },
   ],
 
   // 使用标准 dev 服务器（端口 11173，避免与 vite 默认 517x 冲突）
diff --git a/src/components/asset/asset-item.test.tsx b/src/components/asset/asset-item.test.tsx
index 10473cf09..6dbe19e12 100644
--- a/src/components/asset/asset-item.test.tsx
+++ b/src/components/asset/asset-item.test.tsx
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ describe('AssetItem', () => {
 
   it('renders formatted balance', () => {
     render(<AssetItem asset={mockAsset} />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('1.5')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    // AmountDisplay uses aria-label due to NumberFlow dual-span structure
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText('1.5')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
   it('uses assetType as name when name is not provided', () => {
diff --git a/src/components/asset/asset-list.test.tsx b/src/components/asset/asset-list.test.tsx
index 6b7ef40c4..f6edf917e 100644
--- a/src/components/asset/asset-list.test.tsx
+++ b/src/components/asset/asset-list.test.tsx
@@ -62,9 +62,10 @@ describe('AssetList', () => {
 
   it('renders asset balances', () => {
     renderWithI18n(<AssetList assets={mockAssets} />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('1.5')).toBeInTheDocument() // ETH
-    expect(screen.getByText('100')).toBeInTheDocument() // USDT
-    expect(screen.getByText('0.5')).toBeInTheDocument() // BTC
+    // AmountDisplay uses aria-label due to NumberFlow dual-span structure
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText('1.5')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText('100')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText('0.5')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
   it('applies custom className', () => {
diff --git a/src/components/asset/asset-selector.test.tsx b/src/components/asset/asset-selector.test.tsx
index 878dc34e5..3575ac0e6 100644
--- a/src/components/asset/asset-selector.test.tsx
+++ b/src/components/asset/asset-selector.test.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest'
 import { render, screen, fireEvent } from '@testing-library/react'
+import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event'
 import { AssetSelector } from './asset-selector'
 import type { TokenInfo } from '@/components/token/token-item'
 
@@ -78,7 +79,8 @@ describe('AssetSelector', () => {
     expect(screen.getByText('Tether USD')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
-  it('calls onSelect when asset is clicked', () => {
+  it('calls onSelect when asset is clicked', async () => {
+    const user = userEvent.setup()
     const onSelect = vi.fn()
     render(
       <AssetSelector
@@ -90,10 +92,13 @@ describe('AssetSelector', () => {
     )
 
     // Open dropdown
-    fireEvent.click(screen.getByTestId('asset-selector'))
+    await user.click(screen.getByTestId('asset-selector'))
     
-    // Click on USDT
-    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('Tether USD'))
+    // Click on USDT option (Base UI Select uses role="option")
+    const options = screen.getAllByRole('option')
+    const usdtOption = options.find(opt => opt.textContent?.includes('Tether USD'))
+    expect(usdtOption).toBeDefined()
+    await user.click(usdtOption!)
     
     expect(onSelect).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockAssets[1])
   })
diff --git a/src/components/common/amount-display.test.tsx b/src/components/common/amount-display.test.tsx
index d9b74b255..6a56af173 100644
--- a/src/components/common/amount-display.test.tsx
+++ b/src/components/common/amount-display.test.tsx
@@ -50,79 +50,85 @@ describe('formatAmount', () => {
 })
 
 describe('AmountDisplay', () => {
+  // Helper to get amount element (uses aria-label due to NumberFlow dual-span structure)
+  const getAmount = (value: string) => screen.getByLabelText(value)
+  const queryAmount = (value: string) => screen.queryByLabelText(value)
+
   it('renders value', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={100} />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('100')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getAmount('100')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
   it('renders with symbol', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={100} symbol="USDT" />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('100')).toBeInTheDocument()
-    expect(screen.getByText('USDT')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getAmount('100 USDT')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
   it('shows hidden state', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={100} symbol="USDT" hidden />)
     expect(screen.getByText('••••••')).toBeInTheDocument()
-    expect(screen.queryByText('100')).not.toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(queryAmount('100')).not.toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
   it('shows + sign when sign=always for positive', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={100} sign="always" />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('+100')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getAmount('+100')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
   it('shows - sign when sign=always for negative', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={-100} sign="always" />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('-100')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getAmount('-100')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
   it('shows - sign when sign=auto for negative', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={-100} sign="auto" />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('-100')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getAmount('-100')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
   it('applies positive color when color=auto', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={100} color="auto" />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('100')).toHaveClass('text-green-500')
+    expect(getAmount('100')).toHaveClass('text-green-500')
   })
 
   it('applies negative color when color=auto', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={-100} color="auto" />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('100')).toHaveClass('text-destructive')
+    expect(getAmount('100')).toHaveClass('text-destructive')
   })
 
   it('applies size classes', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={100} size="lg" />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('100')).toHaveClass('text-lg')
+    expect(getAmount('100')).toHaveClass('text-lg')
   })
 
   it('applies weight classes', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={100} weight="bold" />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('100')).toHaveClass('font-bold')
+    expect(getAmount('100')).toHaveClass('font-bold')
   })
 
   it('applies mono font', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={100} mono />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('100')).toHaveClass('font-mono')
+    expect(getAmount('100')).toHaveClass('font-mono')
   })
 
   it('uses compact format', () => {
     render(<AmountDisplay value={1500000} compact />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('1.5M')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getAmount('1.5M')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 })
 
 describe('AmountWithFiat', () => {
+  // Helper to get amount element (uses aria-label due to NumberFlow dual-span structure)
+  const getAmount = (value: string) => screen.getByLabelText(value)
+
   it('renders amount and fiat value vertically', () => {
     render(<AmountWithFiat value={100} symbol="USDT" fiatValue={100} />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('100')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getAmount('100 USDT')).toBeInTheDocument()
     expect(screen.getByText('≈ $100')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
   it('renders amount and fiat value horizontally', () => {
     render(<AmountWithFiat value={100} fiatValue={100} layout="horizontal" />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('100')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getAmount('100')).toBeInTheDocument()
     expect(screen.getByText('≈ $100')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
@@ -133,7 +139,7 @@ describe('AmountWithFiat', () => {
 
   it('renders without fiat when not provided', () => {
     render(<AmountWithFiat value={100} />)
-    expect(screen.getByText('100')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getAmount('100')).toBeInTheDocument()
     expect(screen.queryByText(/≈/)).not.toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 })
diff --git a/src/components/wallet/token-icon.test.tsx b/src/components/wallet/token-icon.test.tsx
index 21506114f..fdccbfcd0 100644
--- a/src/components/wallet/token-icon.test.tsx
+++ b/src/components/wallet/token-icon.test.tsx
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ import { render, screen, fireEvent } from '@testing-library/react'
 import { TokenIcon, TokenBadge, TokenIconProvider } from './token-icon'
 
 const mockGetTokenIconBases = (chainId: string) => {
+  // Templates use $symbol (lowercase) or $SYMBOL (uppercase) placeholders
   const bases: Record<string, string[]> = {
-    ethereum: ['/icons/ethereum/tokens', 'https://cdn.example.com/eth'],
-    bfmeta: ['/icons/bfmeta/tokens', 'https://cdn.example.com/bfm'],
+    ethereum: ['/icons/ethereum/tokens/$symbol.svg', 'https://cdn.example.com/eth/$symbol.png'],
+    bfmeta: ['/icons/bfmeta/tokens/$symbol.svg', 'https://cdn.example.com/bfm/$symbol.png'],
   }
   return bases[chainId] ?? []
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar/common.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar/common.json
index d646fdf59..18ad684df 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar/common.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar/common.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "a11y": {
-    "addWallet": "إضافة محفظة",
     "addContact": "إضافة جهة اتصال",
+    "addWallet": "إضافة محفظة",
     "appInfo": "معلومات التطبيق",
     "back": "رجوع",
     "chainSelector": "اختر شبكة البلوكتشين",
@@ -44,24 +44,42 @@
   "acquisitionTime": "Acquisition time",
   "add": "Add",
   "addressBook": {
+    "addContact": "إضافة جهة اتصال",
+    "addresses": "العناوين",
+    "changeAvatar": "انقر لتغيير الصورة",
     "delete": "حذف",
     "deleteConfirm": "هل أنت متأكد من حذف جهة الاتصال \"{{name}}\"؟",
     "deleteTitle": "حذف جهة الاتصال",
     "edit": "تعديل",
+    "memo": "ملاحظة",
+    "memoPlaceholder": "أضف ملاحظة (اختياري)",
+    "namePlaceholder": "أدخل اسم جهة الاتصال",
     "noContacts": "لا توجد جهات اتصال بعد",
     "noResults": "لم يتم العثور على جهات اتصال",
     "passwordError": "كلمة المرور غير صحيحة",
+    "scanToAdd": "امسح لإضافة جهة اتصال",
     "searchPlaceholder": "البحث عن جهات الاتصال",
-    "title": "دفتر العناوين",
-    "verifyFailed": "فشل التحقق",
-    "addContact": "إضافة جهة اتصال",
-    "namePlaceholder": "أدخل اسم جهة الاتصال",
-    "addresses": "العناوين",
-    "memo": "ملاحظة",
-    "memoPlaceholder": "أضف ملاحظة (اختياري)",
     "shareContact": "مشاركة البطاقة",
-    "scanToAdd": "امسح لإضافة جهة اتصال",
-    "changeAvatar": "انقر لتغيير الصورة"
+    "title": "دفتر العناوين",
+    "verifyFailed": "فشل التحقق"
+  },
+  "addressLookup": {
+    "address": "Address",
+    "addressOrHash": "Address or Transaction Hash",
+    "addressOrHashPlaceholder": "Enter address or tx hash",
+    "addressPlaceholder": "Enter wallet address",
+    "balanceTitle": "Address Balance",
+    "chain": "Chain",
+    "error": "Query Failed",
+    "explorerHint": "Transaction history requires block explorer",
+    "noTransactions": "No transactions found",
+    "onChain": "on {{chain}}",
+    "openExplorer": "Open {{name}} Explorer",
+    "otherChains": "Other Chains",
+    "queryError": "Failed to query transactions, please try again",
+    "transactionsTitle": "Address Transactions",
+    "useExplorerHint": "This chain does not support direct history query, please use the explorer",
+    "viewOnExplorer": "View on {{name}}"
   },
   "addressPlaceholder": "أدخل أو الصق العنوان",
   "advancedEncryptionTechnologyDigitalWealthIsMoreSecure": "Advanced encryption technology &lt;br /&gt; Digital wealth is more secure",
@@ -86,6 +104,7 @@
   "cancel": "Cancel",
   "cardWorks": "[MISSING:ar] card works!",
   "certificate": "Certificate",
+  "clickToCopy": "[MISSING:ar] 点击复制",
   "clickToShowTheQr": "[MISSING:ar] 点开显示二维码",
   "clickToShowTheQrCodeOfThePrivateKey": "Click to show the QR code of the private key",
   "close": "Close",
@@ -99,9 +118,13 @@
   "confirmToTurnOffVerification": "[MISSING:ar] 确认要关闭验证吗？",
   "contact": {
     "add": "إضافة",
+    "addAddress": "إضافة عنوان",
     "addTitle": "إضافة جهة اتصال",
     "address": "العنوان",
+    "addressLabel": "التسمية",
+    "addressLabelPlaceholder": "مثل: الحساب الرئيسي",
     "addressPlaceholder": "أدخل عنوان المحفظة",
+    "addresses": "العناوين",
     "cancel": "إلغاء",
     "editTitle": "تعديل جهة اتصال",
     "memoOptional": "ملاحظة (اختياري)",
@@ -113,11 +136,7 @@
     "save": "حفظ",
     "selectAddress": "اختر العنوان",
     "selectContact": "اختر جهة اتصال",
-    "viewAll": "عرض جميع جهات الاتصال",
-    "addresses": "العناوين",
-    "addressLabel": "التسمية",
-    "addressLabelPlaceholder": "مثل: الحساب الرئيسي",
-    "addAddress": "إضافة عنوان"
+    "viewAll": "عرض جميع جهات الاتصال"
   },
   "continue": "Continue",
   "contractMethods": "Contract methods",
@@ -134,6 +153,7 @@
   "delete": "Delete",
   "destroy": "Destroy",
   "done": "Done",
+  "download": "تحميل",
   "dpInTab": "[MISSING:ar] dp",
   "dpName": "DP Name",
   "dpType": "Type",
@@ -250,10 +270,10 @@
   "resubmit": "Resubmit",
   "retry": "Retry",
   "save": "Save",
-  "saving": "جارٍ الحفظ...",
-  "saved": "تم الحفظ",
   "saveQrCode": "Save QR code",
   "saveSuccessful": "Saved Successfully",
+  "saved": "تم الحفظ",
+  "saving": "جارٍ الحفظ...",
   "scan": "Scan",
   "scanAgain": "Scan again",
   "scanner": "Scanner",
@@ -261,7 +281,6 @@
   "selectNetwork": "Select Network",
   "selectionNetwork": "Selection network",
   "share": "Share",
-  "download": "تحميل",
   "shareCancel": "[MISSING:ar] 分享取消",
   "shareCanceled": "Share canceled",
   "shareSuccessful": "Shared Successfully",
@@ -329,23 +348,5 @@
   "{{item}}Words": "words",
   "{{length}}Words": "words",
   "中文（简体）": "中文（简体）",
-  "中文（繁體）": "中文（繁體）",
-  "addressLookup": {
-    "balanceTitle": "Address Balance",
-    "transactionsTitle": "Address Transactions",
-    "chain": "Chain",
-    "address": "Address",
-    "addressPlaceholder": "Enter wallet address",
-    "addressOrHash": "Address or Transaction Hash",
-    "addressOrHashPlaceholder": "Enter address or tx hash",
-    "otherChains": "Other Chains",
-    "error": "Query Failed",
-    "queryError": "Failed to query transactions, please try again",
-    "noTransactions": "No transactions found",
-    "onChain": "on {{chain}}",
-    "explorerHint": "Transaction history requires block explorer",
-    "useExplorerHint": "This chain does not support direct history query, please use the explorer",
-    "openExplorer": "Open {{name}} Explorer",
-    "viewOnExplorer": "View on {{name}}"
-  }
+  "中文（繁體）": "中文（繁體）"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar/ecosystem.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar/ecosystem.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d479ee776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar/ecosystem.json
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "title": "[MISSING:ar] 生态",
+  "empty": "[MISSING:ar] 暂无小程序",
+  "loading": "[MISSING:ar] 加载中...",
+  "notFound": "[MISSING:ar] 小程序不存在",
+  "refresh": "[MISSING:ar] 刷新",
+  "sources": {
+    "title": "[MISSING:ar] 可信源管理",
+    "add": "[MISSING:ar] 添加订阅",
+    "remove": "[MISSING:ar] 移除",
+    "empty": "[MISSING:ar] 暂无订阅源"
+  },
+  "permissions": {
+    "title": "[MISSING:ar] 权限请求",
+    "grant": "[MISSING:ar] 授权",
+    "deny": "[MISSING:ar] 拒绝",
+    "bio_requestAccounts": "[MISSING:ar] 访问钱包地址",
+    "bio_selectAccount": "[MISSING:ar] 选择账户",
+    "bio_pickWallet": "[MISSING:ar] 选择其他钱包",
+    "bio_signMessage": "[MISSING:ar] 签名消息",
+    "bio_signTypedData": "[MISSING:ar] 签名数据",
+    "bio_sendTransaction": "[MISSING:ar] 发起交易"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar/home.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar/home.json
index 95a8e4eec..f6cdc38b3 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar/home.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar/home.json
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 {
-  "welcome": {
-    "title": "مرحبًا بك في BFM Pay",
-    "subtitle": "إنشاء أو استيراد محفظة للبدء",
-    "createWallet": "إنشاء محفظة جديدة",
-    "importWallet": "استيراد محفظة موجودة"
-  },
   "wallet": {
-    "send": "إرسال",
-    "receive": "استلام",
+    "addressCopied": "تم نسخ العنوان",
     "assets": "الأصول",
+    "destroy": "[MISSING:ar] 销毁",
     "noAssets": "لا توجد أصول",
     "noAssetsOnChain": "لا توجد رموز على {{chain}}",
+    "receive": "استلام",
     "selectNetwork": "اختر الشبكة",
-    "addressCopied": "تم نسخ العنوان"
+    "send": "إرسال",
+    "tokenActions": "[MISSING:ar] 资产操作",
+    "transfer": "[MISSING:ar] 转账"
+  },
+  "welcome": {
+    "createWallet": "إنشاء محفظة جديدة",
+    "importWallet": "استيراد محفظة موجودة",
+    "subtitle": "إنشاء أو استيراد محفظة للبدء",
+    "title": "مرحبًا بك في BFM Pay"
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar/settings.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar/settings.json
index 111caa596..22f683d74 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar/settings.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar/settings.json
@@ -1,146 +1,149 @@
 {
-  "language": "اللغة",
-  "settings": "الإعدادات",
-  "title": "الإعدادات",
-  "sections": {
-    "walletManagement": "إدارة المحفظة",
-    "security": "الأمان",
-    "preferences": "التفضيلات",
-    "about": "حول"
-  },
-  "items": {
-    "walletManagement": "إدارة المحفظة",
-    "walletChains": "شبكات المحفظة",
-    "addressBook": "دفتر العناوين",
-    "appLock": "قفل التطبيق",
-    "viewMnemonic": "عرض العبارة السرية",
-    "changeWalletLock": "تغيير كلمة المرور",
-    "language": "اللغة",
-    "currency": "العملة",
-    "chainConfig": "تكوين السلسلة",
-    "appearance": "المظهر",
-    "aboutApp": "حول BFM Pay",
-    "clearData": "مسح بيانات التطبيق",
-    "storage": "التخزين"
-  },
   "appearance": {
-    "title": "المظهر",
-    "system": "اتباع النظام",
+    "dark": "الوضع الداكن",
     "light": "الوضع الفاتح",
-    "dark": "الوضع الداكن"
-  },
-  "languagePage": {
-    "title": "اللغة",
-    "hint": "بعد اختيار لغة الواجهة، سيتحول التطبيق فوراً إلى اللغة المحددة."
-  },
-  "currency": {
-    "title": "العملة",
-    "hint": "بعد اختيار العملة، ستُعرض قيم الأصول بالعملة المحددة.",
-    "names": {
-      "USD": "الدولار الأمريكي",
-      "CNY": "اليوان الصيني",
-      "EUR": "اليورو",
-      "JPY": "الين الياباني",
-      "KRW": "الوون الكوري"
-    }
-  },
-  "viewMnemonic": {
-    "titleMnemonic": "عرض العبارة السرية",
-    "titleKey": "عرض المفتاح",
-    "noWallet": "الرجاء إنشاء أو استيراد محفظة أولاً",
-    "walletIncomplete": "بيانات المحفظة غير مكتملة",
-    "patternError": "النمط غير صحيح",
-    "securityTip": "نصيحة أمان",
-    "securityWarningMnemonic": "تأكد من عدم وجود أحد يراقب. أصولك معرضة للخطر إذا تم كشف العبارة السرية.",
-    "securityWarningKey": "تأكد من عدم وجود أحد يراقب. أصولك معرضة للخطر إذا تم كشف المفتاح.",
-    "charCount": "{{count}} حرف",
-    "wordCount": "عبارة سرية من {{count}} كلمة",
-    "show": "إظهار",
-    "hide": "إخفاء",
-    "autoHideNote": "سيتم الإخفاء تلقائياً بعد 30 ثانية",
-    "verifyTitle": "تحقق من كلمة المرور",
-    "verifyDescMnemonic": "أدخل كلمة مرور المحفظة لعرض العبارة السرية",
-    "verifyDescKey": "أدخل كلمة مرور المحفظة لعرض المفتاح"
-  },
-  "changeWalletLock": {
-    "title": "تغيير قفل المحفظة",
-    "noWallet": "الرجاء إنشاء أو استيراد محفظة أولاً",
-    "walletIncomplete": "بيانات المحفظة غير مكتملة",
-    "success": "تم تغيير قفل المحفظة بنجاح",
-    "returning": "جاري العودة إلى الإعدادات...",
-    "verifyTitle": "تحقق من النمط الحالي",
-    "verifyDesc": "ارسم نمط قفل المحفظة الحالي للمتابعة",
-    "forgotPattern": "نسيت النمط؟ إعادة تعيين باستخدام عبارة الاسترداد",
-    "mnemonicVerifyTitle": "التحقق بعبارة الاسترداد",
-    "mnemonicVerifyDesc": "أدخل عبارة الاسترداد التي احتفظت بها عند إنشاء المحفظة",
-    "verifyMnemonic": "تحقق من عبارة الاسترداد",
-    "verifying": "جاري التحقق...",
-    "usePattern": "العودة للتحقق بالنمط",
-    "invalidMnemonic": "تنسيق عبارة الاسترداد غير صالح",
-    "mnemonicVerifyFailed": "فشل التحقق من عبارة الاسترداد، يرجى التحقق من صحتها"
+    "system": "اتباع النظام",
+    "title": "المظهر"
   },
   "chainAddressCount": "{{count}} عناوين سلاسل",
-  "notSupported": "غير مدعوم",
   "chainConfig": {
-    "title": "تهيئة السلاسل",
-    "subscription": {
-      "title": "رابط الاشتراك",
-      "description": "أدخل <code>default</code> لاستخدام تهيئة السلاسل المضمنة.",
-      "refreshAriaLabel": "تحديث الاشتراك",
-      "save": "حفظ",
-      "placeholder": "default أو https://example.com/chains.json",
-      "lastUpdated": "آخر تحديث: {{value}}"
+    "hint": "تلميح: يتم تخزين تهيئة الاشتراك مؤقتًا محليًا. تغيير الرابط يمسح ذاكرة التخزين المؤقت القديمة لتجنب الالتباس.",
+    "list": {
+      "description": "تتوفر السلاسل المفعّلة في تدفقات المحفظة/الأصول.",
+      "empty": "لا توجد تهيئات سلاسل.",
+      "title": "قائمة السلاسل"
     },
     "manual": {
-      "title": "إضافة يدويًا",
-      "description": "الصق JSON (كائن واحد أو مصفوفة)، ثم اضغط على إضافة.",
       "add": "إضافة",
-      "placeholder": "مثال: {\"id\":\"mychain\",\"version\":\"1.0\",\"type\":\"custom\",\"name\":\"MyChain\",\"symbol\":\"MC\",\"decimals\":8}",
+      "description": "الصق JSON (كائن واحد أو مصفوفة)، ثم اضغط على إضافة.",
       "duplicate": {
-        "title": "معرّفات سلاسل مكررة",
+        "cancel": "إلغاء",
         "description": "هذه المعرّفات موجودة بالفعل. هل تريد استبدالها؟",
         "replace": "استبدال",
-        "cancel": "إلغاء"
-      }
-    },
-    "list": {
-      "title": "قائمة السلاسل",
-      "description": "تتوفر السلاسل المفعّلة في تدفقات المحفظة/الأصول.",
-      "empty": "لا توجد تهيئات سلاسل."
+        "title": "معرّفات سلاسل مكررة"
+      },
+      "placeholder": "مثال: {\"id\":\"mychain\",\"version\":\"1.0\",\"type\":\"custom\",\"name\":\"MyChain\",\"symbol\":\"MC\",\"decimals\":8}",
+      "title": "إضافة يدويًا"
     },
     "source": {
       "default": "افتراضي",
-      "subscription": "اشتراك",
-      "manual": "يدوي"
+      "manual": "يدوي",
+      "subscription": "اشتراك"
     },
-    "warning": {
-      "incompatibleMajor": "إصدار غير متوافق: {{version}} (يدعم ≤ {{supportedMajor}}.x)"
+    "subscription": {
+      "description": "أدخل <code>default</code> لاستخدام تهيئة السلاسل المضمنة.",
+      "lastUpdated": "آخر تحديث: {{value}}",
+      "placeholder": "default أو https://example.com/chains.json",
+      "refreshAriaLabel": "تحديث الاشتراك",
+      "save": "حفظ",
+      "title": "رابط الاشتراك"
     },
+    "title": "تهيئة السلاسل",
     "toast": {
-      "subscriptionSaved": "تم حفظ رابط الاشتراك",
+      "manualAdded": "تمت إضافة تهيئة السلسلة",
       "subscriptionRefreshed": "تم تحديث الاشتراك",
-      "manualAdded": "تمت إضافة تهيئة السلسلة"
+      "subscriptionSaved": "تم حفظ رابط الاشتراك"
     },
-    "hint": "تلميح: يتم تخزين تهيئة الاشتراك مؤقتًا محليًا. تغيير الرابط يمسح ذاكرة التخزين المؤقت القديمة لتجنب الالتباس."
+    "warning": {
+      "incompatibleMajor": "إصدار غير متوافق: {{version}} (يدعم ≤ {{supportedMajor}}.x)"
+    }
+  },
+  "changeWalletLock": {
+    "forgotPattern": "نسيت النمط؟ إعادة تعيين باستخدام عبارة الاسترداد",
+    "invalidMnemonic": "تنسيق عبارة الاسترداد غير صالح",
+    "mnemonicVerifyDesc": "أدخل عبارة الاسترداد التي احتفظت بها عند إنشاء المحفظة",
+    "mnemonicVerifyFailed": "فشل التحقق من عبارة الاسترداد، يرجى التحقق من صحتها",
+    "mnemonicVerifyTitle": "التحقق بعبارة الاسترداد",
+    "noWallet": "الرجاء إنشاء أو استيراد محفظة أولاً",
+    "returning": "جاري العودة إلى الإعدادات...",
+    "success": "تم تغيير قفل المحفظة بنجاح",
+    "title": "تغيير قفل المحفظة",
+    "usePattern": "العودة للتحقق بالنمط",
+    "verifyDesc": "ارسم نمط قفل المحفظة الحالي للمتابعة",
+    "verifyMnemonic": "تحقق من عبارة الاسترداد",
+    "verifyTitle": "تحقق من النمط الحالي",
+    "verifying": "جاري التحقق...",
+    "walletIncomplete": "بيانات المحفظة غير مكتملة"
   },
   "clearData": {
-    "title": "مسح بيانات التطبيق",
-    "warning": "ستحذف هذه العملية جميع البيانات المحلية، بما في ذلك المحافظ والإعدادات والذاكرة المؤقتة. لا يمكن التراجع عن هذه العملية!",
+    "confirm": "تأكيد المسح",
     "item1": "سيتم حذف جميع بيانات المحفظة",
     "item2": "ستتم استعادة جميع الإعدادات إلى الوضع الافتراضي",
     "item3": "سيتم إعادة تشغيل التطبيق",
-    "confirm": "تأكيد المسح"
+    "title": "مسح بيانات التطبيق",
+    "warning": "ستحذف هذه العملية جميع البيانات المحلية، بما في ذلك المحافظ والإعدادات والذاكرة المؤقتة. لا يمكن التراجع عن هذه العملية!"
+  },
+  "currency": {
+    "hint": "بعد اختيار العملة، ستُعرض قيم الأصول بالعملة المحددة.",
+    "names": {
+      "CNY": "اليوان الصيني",
+      "EUR": "اليورو",
+      "JPY": "الين الياباني",
+      "KRW": "الوون الكوري",
+      "USD": "الدولار الأمريكي"
+    },
+    "title": "العملة"
+  },
+  "items": {
+    "aboutApp": "حول BFM Pay",
+    "addressBook": "دفتر العناوين",
+    "appLock": "قفل التطبيق",
+    "appearance": "المظهر",
+    "chainConfig": "تكوين السلسلة",
+    "changeWalletLock": "تغيير كلمة المرور",
+    "clearData": "مسح بيانات التطبيق",
+    "currency": "العملة",
+    "language": "اللغة",
+    "storage": "التخزين",
+    "viewMnemonic": "عرض العبارة السرية",
+    "walletChains": "شبكات المحفظة",
+    "walletManagement": "إدارة المحفظة"
   },
+  "language": "اللغة",
+  "languagePage": {
+    "hint": "بعد اختيار لغة الواجهة، سيتحول التطبيق فوراً إلى اللغة المحددة.",
+    "title": "اللغة"
+  },
+  "notSupported": "غير مدعوم",
+  "sections": {
+    "about": "حول",
+    "preferences": "التفضيلات",
+    "security": "الأمان",
+    "walletManagement": "إدارة المحفظة"
+  },
+  "settings": "الإعدادات",
   "storage": {
-    "title": "التخزين",
-    "usage": "استخدام التخزين",
+    "available": "المساحة المتاحة",
     "basedOn": "بناءً على حصة تخزين المتصفح",
-    "used": "مستخدم",
+    "clearDesc": "مسح جميع البيانات المخزنة محليًا، بما في ذلك المحافظ والإعدادات والذاكرة المؤقتة.",
+    "clearTitle": "مسح البيانات",
+    "goToClear": "[MISSING:ar] 前往清理数据",
+    "migrationDesc": "[MISSING:ar] 检测到旧版本数据格式，需要清空本地数据库后才能继续使用。您的助记词和私钥不会受到影响，但需要重新导入钱包。",
+    "migrationRequired": "[MISSING:ar] 数据需要迁移",
+    "title": "التخزين",
     "total": "المساحة الإجمالية",
-    "usagePercent": "نسبة الاستخدام",
-    "available": "المساحة المتاحة",
     "unavailable": "تعذر الحصول على معلومات التخزين",
-    "clearTitle": "مسح البيانات",
-    "clearDesc": "مسح جميع البيانات المخزنة محليًا، بما في ذلك المحافظ والإعدادات والذاكرة المؤقتة."
+    "usage": "استخدام التخزين",
+    "usagePercent": "نسبة الاستخدام",
+    "used": "مستخدم"
+  },
+  "title": "الإعدادات",
+  "viewMnemonic": {
+    "autoHideNote": "سيتم الإخفاء تلقائياً بعد 30 ثانية",
+    "charCount": "{{count}} حرف",
+    "hide": "إخفاء",
+    "noWallet": "الرجاء إنشاء أو استيراد محفظة أولاً",
+    "patternError": "النمط غير صحيح",
+    "securityTip": "نصيحة أمان",
+    "securityWarningKey": "تأكد من عدم وجود أحد يراقب. أصولك معرضة للخطر إذا تم كشف المفتاح.",
+    "securityWarningMnemonic": "تأكد من عدم وجود أحد يراقب. أصولك معرضة للخطر إذا تم كشف العبارة السرية.",
+    "show": "إظهار",
+    "titleKey": "عرض المفتاح",
+    "titleMnemonic": "عرض العبارة السرية",
+    "verifyDescKey": "أدخل كلمة مرور المحفظة لعرض المفتاح",
+    "verifyDescMnemonic": "أدخل كلمة مرور المحفظة لعرض العبارة السرية",
+    "verifyTitle": "تحقق من كلمة المرور",
+    "walletIncomplete": "بيانات المحفظة غير مكتملة",
+    "wordCount": "عبارة سرية من {{count}} كلمة"
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar/transaction.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar/transaction.json
index 5f68e2c37..d3862accb 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar/transaction.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar/transaction.json
@@ -65,23 +65,34 @@
   "contractTransactionData": "Contract transaction data",
   "destoryAmount": "Destory amount",
   "destoryQuantityCannotBeGreaterThanBalance": "Destory quantity cannot be greater than balance",
+  "destroyPage": {
+    "amountLabel": "[MISSING:ar] 销毁数量",
+    "assetLabel": "[MISSING:ar] 销毁资产",
+    "confirm": "[MISSING:ar] 确认销毁",
+    "noDestroyableAssets": "[MISSING:ar] 暂无可销毁的资产",
+    "notSupported": "[MISSING:ar] 当前链不支持资产销毁",
+    "resultTitle": "[MISSING:ar] 销毁结果",
+    "title": "[MISSING:ar] 销毁",
+    "warning": "[MISSING:ar] 销毁操作不可撤销，请仔细核对销毁数量。"
+  },
   "detail": {
+    "allowance": "Allowance",
     "blockHeight": "ارتفاع الكتلة",
     "confirmations": "التأكيدات",
+    "contractAddress": "Contract Address",
     "copied": "تم النسخ",
     "copyHash": "نسخ الهاش",
-    "contractAddress": "Contract Address",
-    "spender": "Spender",
-    "allowance": "Allowance",
     "fee": "الرسوم",
     "fromAddress": "عنوان المرسل",
     "hash": "هاش المعاملة",
     "info": "معلومات المعاملة",
+    "invalidData": "فشل تحليل بيانات المعاملة",
     "method": "Method",
     "network": "الشبكة",
-    "invalidData": "فشل تحليل بيانات المعاملة",
     "notFound": "المعاملة غير موجودة أو منتهية الصلاحية",
+    "openInExplorer": "[MISSING:ar] 在浏览器中打开",
     "share": "Share",
+    "spender": "Spender",
     "swapFrom": "From",
     "swapTo": "To",
     "time": "الوقت",
@@ -89,23 +100,6 @@
     "toAddress": "عنوان المستلم",
     "viewExplorer": "عرض في المستكشف"
   },
-  "method": {
-    "approve": "Approve",
-    "transfer": "Transfer",
-    "swap": "Swap",
-    "swapExactTokensForETH": "Swap Tokens for ETH",
-    "swapExactTokensForTokens": "Swap Tokens",
-    "swapExactETHForTokens": "Swap ETH for Tokens",
-    "multicall": "Multi-call",
-    "execute": "Execute",
-    "deposit": "Deposit",
-    "withdraw": "Withdraw",
-    "stake": "Stake",
-    "unstake": "Unstake",
-    "claim": "Claim",
-    "mint": "Mint",
-    "burn": "Burn"
-  },
   "dpTransactionDetails": "DP Details",
   "easyTransfer": "Easy Transfer",
   "enterAmount": "Enter Amount",
@@ -115,15 +109,15 @@
   "failed": "Failed",
   "fee": "Fee",
   "feeEdit": {
-    "belowMinFee": "[MISSING:ar] 手续费不能低于最低手续费 {{minFee}} {{symbol}}",
-    "currentFee": "[MISSING:ar] 当前手续费",
-    "customFee": "[MISSING:ar] 自定义手续费",
-    "invalidFee": "[MISSING:ar] 请输入有效的手续费",
-    "minFee": "[MISSING:ar] 最低手续费",
-    "presetFast": "[MISSING:ar] 快速",
-    "presetMin": "[MISSING:ar] 最低",
-    "presetRecommend": "[MISSING:ar] 推荐",
-    "title": "[MISSING:ar] 编辑网络手续费"
+    "belowMinFee": "Fee cannot be lower than minimum fee {{minFee}} {{symbol}}",
+    "currentFee": "Current Fee",
+    "customFee": "Custom Fee",
+    "invalidFee": "Please enter a valid fee",
+    "minFee": "Minimum Fee",
+    "presetFast": "Fast",
+    "presetMin": "Minimum",
+    "presetRecommend": "Recommended",
+    "title": "Edit Network Fee"
   },
   "finallyReceive": "Finally receive:",
   "forOvertimeTransactionTips": "For overtime transactions, you can check whether the transaction is successful through the blockchain explorer.",
@@ -134,13 +128,13 @@
     "emptyDesc": "لم يتم العثور على معاملات بالفلاتر الحالية",
     "emptyTitle": "لا توجد معاملات",
     "filter": {
-      "chainLabel": "السلسلة",
-      "periodLabel": "الفترة",
       "allChains": "جميع السلاسل",
       "allTime": "الكل",
+      "chainLabel": "السلسلة",
       "days30": "30 يومًا",
       "days7": "7 أيام",
-      "days90": "90 يومًا"
+      "days90": "90 يومًا",
+      "periodLabel": "الفترة"
     },
     "noWallet": "يرجى إنشاء أو استيراد محفظة أولاً",
     "title": "سجل المعاملات",
@@ -152,6 +146,23 @@
   "initiateTransfer": "Initiate Transfer",
   "insufficientBalanceIn_{symbol}": "Insufficient balance in",
   "insufficientBalanceUnableToConductTransactions": "Insufficient balance, unable to conduct transactions",
+  "method": {
+    "approve": "Approve",
+    "burn": "Burn",
+    "claim": "Claim",
+    "deposit": "Deposit",
+    "execute": "Execute",
+    "mint": "Mint",
+    "multicall": "Multi-call",
+    "stake": "Stake",
+    "swap": "Swap",
+    "swapExactETHForTokens": "Swap ETH for Tokens",
+    "swapExactTokensForETH": "Swap Tokens for ETH",
+    "swapExactTokensForTokens": "Swap Tokens",
+    "transfer": "Transfer",
+    "unstake": "Unstake",
+    "withdraw": "Withdraw"
+  },
   "minerFee": "Miner fee",
   "minnerFee": "Miner fee",
   "newTransfer": "New Transfer",
@@ -183,9 +194,11 @@
   "send": "Send",
   "sendPage": {
     "amountLabel": "المبلغ",
+    "assetLabel": "[MISSING:ar] 转账资产",
     "cameraPermissionRequired": "مطلوب إذن الكاميرا للمسح",
     "continue": "متابعة",
     "explorerNotImplemented": "ميزة مستكشف البلوك قادمة قريبًا",
+    "fee": "[MISSING:ar] 手续费",
     "from": "من",
     "networkWarning": "يرجى التأكد من أن عنوان المستلم هو عنوان شبكة {{chain}}. لا يمكن استرداد المرسل إلى الشبكة الخاطئة",
     "resultTitle": "نتيجة الإرسال",
@@ -249,17 +262,6 @@
   "tronLessFeeTips": "At present, there is less TRX, and continued transfers may fail due to insufficient handling fees.",
   "tronNetworkFeeLongTips_1": "The network fee will vary according to networksituation, once the transaction is confirmed, the fee cannot be refunded regardless of whether the transaction is successful or not.",
   "tronNetworkFeeLongTips_2": "The network fee is charged by the TRON network, and BFM Pay does not charge any fees !",
-  "feeEdit": {
-    "title": "Edit Network Fee",
-    "currentFee": "Current Fee",
-    "minFee": "Minimum Fee",
-    "customFee": "Custom Fee",
-    "presetMin": "Minimum",
-    "presetRecommend": "Recommended",
-    "presetFast": "Fast",
-    "invalidFee": "Please enter a valid fee",
-    "belowMinFee": "Fee cannot be lower than minimum fee {{minFee}} {{symbol}}"
-  },
   "txStatus": {
     "broadcasted": "Broadcast Successful",
     "broadcastedDesc": "Transaction broadcasted, awaiting block confirmation...",
@@ -274,30 +276,30 @@
     "viewDetails": "View Details"
   },
   "type": {
+    "approve": "Approve",
     "certificate": "Certificate",
     "dapp": "DApp",
     "destroy": "Destroy",
     "destroyEntity": "Destroy Entity",
     "emigrate": "Emigrate",
     "exchange": "Exchange",
-    "swap": "Swap",
     "gift": "Gift",
     "grab": "Accept Gift",
     "immigrate": "Immigrate",
     "increaseAsset": "Increase Asset",
-    "mint": "Mint",
+    "interaction": "Contract Interaction",
     "issueAsset": "Issue Asset",
     "issueEntity": "Issue Entity",
     "locationName": "Location Name",
     "mark": "Mark",
-    "approve": "Approve",
-    "interaction": "Contract Interaction",
+    "mint": "Mint",
     "other": "Other",
     "receive": "استلام",
     "send": "إرسال",
     "signFor": "Sign For",
     "signature": "Set Security Password",
     "stake": "تخزين",
+    "swap": "Swap",
     "trust": "Trust",
     "unstake": "إلغاء التخزين"
   },
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/en/ecosystem.json b/src/i18n/locales/en/ecosystem.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d8d20237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/en/ecosystem.json
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "title": "[MISSING:en] 生态",
+  "empty": "[MISSING:en] 暂无小程序",
+  "loading": "[MISSING:en] 加载中...",
+  "notFound": "[MISSING:en] 小程序不存在",
+  "refresh": "[MISSING:en] 刷新",
+  "sources": {
+    "title": "[MISSING:en] 可信源管理",
+    "add": "[MISSING:en] 添加订阅",
+    "remove": "[MISSING:en] 移除",
+    "empty": "[MISSING:en] 暂无订阅源"
+  },
+  "permissions": {
+    "title": "[MISSING:en] 权限请求",
+    "grant": "[MISSING:en] 授权",
+    "deny": "[MISSING:en] 拒绝",
+    "bio_requestAccounts": "[MISSING:en] 访问钱包地址",
+    "bio_selectAccount": "[MISSING:en] 选择账户",
+    "bio_pickWallet": "[MISSING:en] 选择其他钱包",
+    "bio_signMessage": "[MISSING:en] 签名消息",
+    "bio_signTypedData": "[MISSING:en] 签名数据",
+    "bio_sendTransaction": "[MISSING:en] 发起交易"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/authorize.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/authorize.json
index 4ab51abae..add7eda65 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/authorize.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/authorize.json
@@ -1,62 +1,63 @@
 {
-  "title": {
-    "address": "地址授權",
-    "signature": "交易授權"
-  },
-  "app": {
-    "requesting": "{{appName}} 正在請求存取",
-    "from": "來自：{{appHome}}"
-  },
   "address": {
-    "shareWith": "是否與該應用分享地址？",
-    "scope": {
-      "main": "僅目前錢包",
-      "network": "所有 {{chainName}} 地址",
-      "all": "所有錢包"
-    },
+    "confirmDescription": "請繪製圖案以繼續",
+    "noWallets": "暫無錢包",
     "permissions": {
-      "viewAddress": "查看你的錢包地址",
-      "viewPublicKey": "查看你的公鑰",
+      "getMain": "查看你的錢包匯入密語（主密鑰）",
       "signMessage": "簽名驗證訊息",
-      "getMain": "查看你的錢包匯入密語（主密鑰）"
-    },
-    "confirmDescription": "請繪製圖案以繼續",
-    "noWallets": "暫無錢包"
-  },
-  "signature": {
-    "reviewTransaction": "請確認此交易",
-    "messageToSign": "待簽名訊息",
-    "confirmDescription": "請繪製圖案進行簽名",
-    "type": {
-      "message": "訊息簽名",
-      "transfer": "代幣轉帳",
-      "destroy": "資產銷毀"
+      "viewAddress": "查看你的錢包地址",
+      "viewPublicKey": "查看你的公鑰"
     },
-    "details": {
-      "from": "從",
-      "to": "到",
-      "amount": "金額",
-      "fee": "網路手續費",
-      "total": "合計"
+    "scope": {
+      "all": "所有錢包",
+      "main": "僅目前錢包",
+      "network": "所有 {{chainName}} 地址"
     },
-    "balanceWarning": {
-      "need": "需要：{{amount}} {{symbol}}",
-      "have": "擁有：{{amount}} {{symbol}}"
-    }
+    "selectNetwork": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 选择网络",
+    "shareWith": "是否與該應用分享地址？"
+  },
+  "app": {
+    "from": "來自：{{appHome}}",
+    "requesting": "{{appName}} 正在請求存取"
   },
   "button": {
     "approve": "同意",
-    "reject": "拒絕",
-    "confirm": "繪製圖案確認"
+    "confirm": "繪製圖案確認",
+    "reject": "拒絕"
   },
   "error": {
-    "insufficientBalance": "餘額不足，無法完成此交易",
-    "unknownChain": "不支援的區塊鏈",
     "authFailed": "授權失敗",
+    "insufficientBalance": "餘額不足，無法完成此交易",
     "patternIncorrect": "圖案錯誤",
-    "timeout": "請求已逾時"
+    "timeout": "請求已逾時",
+    "unknownChain": "不支援的區塊鏈"
   },
   "passwordConfirm": {
     "title": "Confirm Password"
+  },
+  "signature": {
+    "balanceWarning": {
+      "have": "擁有：{{amount}} {{symbol}}",
+      "need": "需要：{{amount}} {{symbol}}"
+    },
+    "confirmDescription": "請繪製圖案進行簽名",
+    "details": {
+      "amount": "金額",
+      "fee": "網路手續費",
+      "from": "從",
+      "to": "到",
+      "total": "合計"
+    },
+    "messageToSign": "待簽名訊息",
+    "reviewTransaction": "請確認此交易",
+    "type": {
+      "destroy": "資產銷毀",
+      "message": "訊息簽名",
+      "transfer": "代幣轉帳"
+    }
+  },
+  "title": {
+    "address": "地址授權",
+    "signature": "交易授權"
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/common.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/common.json
index 264bc9b8e..0c0ced70d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/common.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/common.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "a11y": {
-    "addWallet": "新增錢包",
     "addContact": "新增聯絡人",
+    "addWallet": "新增錢包",
     "appInfo": "應用程式資訊",
     "back": "返回",
     "chainSelector": "選擇區塊鏈網絡",
@@ -44,24 +44,42 @@
   "acquisitionTime": "入手時間",
   "add": "新增",
   "addressBook": {
+    "addContact": "新增聯繫人",
+    "addresses": "地址",
+    "changeAvatar": "點擊切換頭像",
     "delete": "刪除",
     "deleteConfirm": "確定要刪除聯繫人 \"{{name}}\" 嗎？",
     "deleteTitle": "刪除聯繫人",
     "edit": "編輯",
+    "memo": "備註",
+    "memoPlaceholder": "新增備註（可選）",
+    "namePlaceholder": "輸入聯繫人名稱",
     "noContacts": "還沒有聯繫人",
     "noResults": "沒有找到聯繫人",
     "passwordError": "密碼錯誤",
+    "scanToAdd": "掃碼新增聯繫人",
     "searchPlaceholder": "搜索聯繫人",
-    "title": "通訊錄",
-    "verifyFailed": "驗證失敗",
-    "addContact": "新增聯繫人",
-    "namePlaceholder": "輸入聯繫人名稱",
-    "addresses": "地址",
-    "memo": "備註",
-    "memoPlaceholder": "新增備註（可選）",
     "shareContact": "分享名片",
-    "scanToAdd": "掃碼新增聯繫人",
-    "changeAvatar": "點擊切換頭像"
+    "title": "通訊錄",
+    "verifyFailed": "驗證失敗"
+  },
+  "addressLookup": {
+    "address": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 地址",
+    "addressOrHash": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 地址或交易哈希",
+    "addressOrHashPlaceholder": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 输入地址或交易哈希",
+    "addressPlaceholder": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 输入钱包地址",
+    "balanceTitle": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 地址余额查询",
+    "chain": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 链",
+    "error": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 查询失败",
+    "explorerHint": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 交易记录需要通过区块浏览器查询",
+    "noTransactions": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 暂无交易记录",
+    "onChain": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 在 {{chain}} 上",
+    "openExplorer": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 打开 {{name}} 浏览器",
+    "otherChains": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 其他链",
+    "queryError": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 查询交易失败，请稍后重试",
+    "transactionsTitle": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 地址交易查询",
+    "useExplorerHint": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 该链不支持直接查询交易历史，请使用浏览器查看",
+    "viewOnExplorer": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 在 {{name}} 浏览器中查看"
   },
   "addressPlaceholder": "輸入或貼上地址",
   "advancedEncryptionTechnologyDigitalWealthIsMoreSecure": "先進的加密技術 &lt;br /&gt; 數字財富更安全",
@@ -86,6 +104,7 @@
   "cancel": "取消",
   "cardWorks": "[MISSING:zh-TW] card works!",
   "certificate": "認證",
+  "clickToCopy": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 点击复制",
   "clickToShowTheQr": "Click to show the QR",
   "clickToShowTheQrCodeOfThePrivateKey": "點擊展示私鑰二維碼",
   "close": "退出",
@@ -99,9 +118,13 @@
   "confirmToTurnOffVerification": "確定要關閉驗證嗎？",
   "contact": {
     "add": "新增",
+    "addAddress": "新增地址",
     "addTitle": "新增聯絡人",
     "address": "地址",
+    "addressLabel": "標籤",
+    "addressLabelPlaceholder": "如：主帳戶",
     "addressPlaceholder": "請輸入錢包地址",
+    "addresses": "地址",
     "cancel": "取消",
     "editTitle": "編輯聯絡人",
     "memoOptional": "備註（選填）",
@@ -113,11 +136,7 @@
     "save": "儲存",
     "selectAddress": "選擇地址",
     "selectContact": "選擇聯絡人",
-    "viewAll": "查看全部聯絡人",
-    "addresses": "地址",
-    "addressLabel": "標籤",
-    "addressLabelPlaceholder": "如：主帳戶",
-    "addAddress": "新增地址"
+    "viewAll": "查看全部聯絡人"
   },
   "continue": "繼續",
   "contractMethods": "合約方法",
@@ -134,6 +153,7 @@
   "delete": "刪除",
   "destroy": "銷毀",
   "done": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 完成",
+  "download": "下載",
   "dpInTab": "dp-in-tab",
   "dpName": "DP名稱",
   "dpType": "類型",
@@ -250,10 +270,10 @@
   "resubmit": "重新提交",
   "retry": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 重试",
   "save": "保存",
-  "saving": "保存中...",
-  "saved": "已保存",
   "saveQrCode": "保存二維碼",
   "saveSuccessful": "保存成功",
+  "saved": "已保存",
+  "saving": "保存中...",
   "scan": "掃描",
   "scanAgain": "再次掃描",
   "scanner": "掃一掃",
@@ -261,7 +281,6 @@
   "selectNetwork": "選擇網絡",
   "selectionNetwork": "選擇網絡",
   "share": "分享",
-  "download": "下載",
   "shareCancel": "分享取消",
   "shareCanceled": "分享取消",
   "shareSuccessful": "分享成功",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/ecosystem.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/ecosystem.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca961c705
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/ecosystem.json
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "title": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 生态",
+  "empty": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 暂无小程序",
+  "loading": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 加载中...",
+  "notFound": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 小程序不存在",
+  "refresh": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 刷新",
+  "sources": {
+    "title": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 可信源管理",
+    "add": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 添加订阅",
+    "remove": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 移除",
+    "empty": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 暂无订阅源"
+  },
+  "permissions": {
+    "title": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 权限请求",
+    "grant": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 授权",
+    "deny": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 拒绝",
+    "bio_requestAccounts": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 访问钱包地址",
+    "bio_selectAccount": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 选择账户",
+    "bio_pickWallet": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 选择其他钱包",
+    "bio_signMessage": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 签名消息",
+    "bio_signTypedData": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 签名数据",
+    "bio_sendTransaction": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 发起交易"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/home.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/home.json
index 7c581da56..7391661ee 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/home.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/home.json
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 {
-  "welcome": {
-    "title": "歡迎使用 BFM Pay",
-    "subtitle": "創建或導入錢包開始使用",
-    "createWallet": "創建新錢包",
-    "importWallet": "導入已有錢包"
-  },
   "wallet": {
-    "send": "轉賬",
-    "receive": "收款",
+    "addressCopied": "地址已複製",
     "assets": "資產",
+    "destroy": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 销毁",
     "noAssets": "暫無資產",
     "noAssetsOnChain": "{{chain}} 鏈上暫無代幣",
+    "receive": "收款",
     "selectNetwork": "選擇網絡",
-    "addressCopied": "地址已複製"
+    "send": "轉賬",
+    "tokenActions": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 资产操作",
+    "transfer": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 转账"
+  },
+  "welcome": {
+    "createWallet": "創建新錢包",
+    "importWallet": "導入已有錢包",
+    "subtitle": "創建或導入錢包開始使用",
+    "title": "歡迎使用 BFM Pay"
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/settings.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/settings.json
index c30f74525..56fbae8f6 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/settings.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/settings.json
@@ -1,146 +1,149 @@
 {
-  "language": "語言",
-  "settings": "設定",
-  "title": "設定",
-  "sections": {
-    "walletManagement": "錢包管理",
-    "security": "安全",
-    "preferences": "偏好設定",
-    "about": "關於"
-  },
-  "items": {
-    "walletManagement": "錢包管理",
-    "walletChains": "錢包網路",
-    "addressBook": "通訊錄",
-    "appLock": "應用程式鎖定",
-    "viewMnemonic": "查看助記詞",
-    "changeWalletLock": "修改密碼",
-    "language": "語言",
-    "currency": "貨幣單位",
-    "chainConfig": "鏈配置",
-    "appearance": "外觀",
-    "aboutApp": "關於 BFM Pay",
-    "clearData": "清空應用程式資料",
-    "storage": "儲存空間"
-  },
   "appearance": {
-    "title": "外觀設定",
-    "system": "跟隨系統",
+    "dark": "深色模式",
     "light": "淺色模式",
-    "dark": "深色模式"
-  },
-  "languagePage": {
-    "title": "語言",
-    "hint": "選擇介面語言後，應用程式將立即切換到所選語言。"
-  },
-  "currency": {
-    "title": "計價貨幣",
-    "hint": "選擇計價貨幣後，資產價值將以所選貨幣顯示。",
-    "names": {
-      "USD": "美元",
-      "CNY": "人民幣",
-      "EUR": "歐元",
-      "JPY": "日圓",
-      "KRW": "韓圓"
-    }
-  },
-  "viewMnemonic": {
-    "titleMnemonic": "查看助記詞",
-    "titleKey": "查看密鑰",
-    "noWallet": "請先建立或匯入錢包",
-    "walletIncomplete": "錢包資料不完整",
-    "patternError": "圖案錯誤",
-    "securityTip": "安全提示",
-    "securityWarningMnemonic": "請確保周圍無人窺視。助記詞一旦洩露，資產將面臨風險。",
-    "securityWarningKey": "請確保周圍無人窺視。密鑰一旦洩露，資產將面臨風險。",
-    "charCount": "{{count}} 字元",
-    "wordCount": "{{count}} 位助記詞",
-    "show": "顯示",
-    "hide": "隱藏",
-    "autoHideNote": "30秒後將自動隱藏",
-    "verifyTitle": "驗證密碼",
-    "verifyDescMnemonic": "請輸入錢包密碼以查看助記詞",
-    "verifyDescKey": "請輸入錢包密碼以查看密鑰"
-  },
-  "changeWalletLock": {
-    "title": "修改錢包鎖",
-    "noWallet": "請先建立或匯入錢包",
-    "walletIncomplete": "錢包資料不完整",
-    "success": "錢包鎖修改成功",
-    "returning": "正在返回設定頁面...",
-    "verifyTitle": "驗證目前圖案",
-    "verifyDesc": "請繪製目前錢包鎖圖案以繼續",
-    "forgotPattern": "忘記圖案？使用助記詞重設",
-    "mnemonicVerifyTitle": "使用助記詞驗證",
-    "mnemonicVerifyDesc": "輸入建立錢包時備份的助記詞",
-    "verifyMnemonic": "驗證助記詞",
-    "verifying": "驗證中...",
-    "usePattern": "返回使用圖案驗證",
-    "invalidMnemonic": "助記詞格式無效",
-    "mnemonicVerifyFailed": "助記詞驗證失敗，請檢查是否正確"
+    "system": "跟隨系統",
+    "title": "外觀設定"
   },
   "chainAddressCount": "{{count}} 個鏈地址",
-  "notSupported": "暫不支援",
   "chainConfig": {
-    "title": "鏈配置",
-    "subscription": {
-      "title": "訂閱 URL",
-      "description": "輸入 <code>default</code> 使用內建鏈配置。",
-      "refreshAriaLabel": "刷新訂閱",
-      "save": "儲存",
-      "placeholder": "default 或 https://example.com/chains.json",
-      "lastUpdated": "最近更新：{{value}}"
+    "hint": "提示：訂閱配置會快取到本機，切換 URL 會清空舊快取以避免混淆。",
+    "list": {
+      "description": "啟用後會在錢包/資產相關流程中可用。",
+      "empty": "暫無鏈配置",
+      "title": "鏈清單"
     },
     "manual": {
-      "title": "手動新增",
-      "description": "貼上 JSON（單一物件或陣列），點擊新增。",
       "add": "新增",
-      "placeholder": "例如：{\"id\":\"mychain\",\"version\":\"1.0\",\"type\":\"custom\",\"name\":\"MyChain\",\"symbol\":\"MC\",\"decimals\":8}",
+      "description": "貼上 JSON（單一物件或陣列），點擊新增。",
       "duplicate": {
-        "title": "鏈 ID 已存在",
+        "cancel": "取消",
         "description": "以下鏈 ID 已存在，是否取代？",
         "replace": "取代",
-        "cancel": "取消"
-      }
-    },
-    "list": {
-      "title": "鏈清單",
-      "description": "啟用後會在錢包/資產相關流程中可用。",
-      "empty": "暫無鏈配置"
+        "title": "鏈 ID 已存在"
+      },
+      "placeholder": "例如：{\"id\":\"mychain\",\"version\":\"1.0\",\"type\":\"custom\",\"name\":\"MyChain\",\"symbol\":\"MC\",\"decimals\":8}",
+      "title": "手動新增"
     },
     "source": {
       "default": "預設",
-      "subscription": "訂閱",
-      "manual": "手動"
+      "manual": "手動",
+      "subscription": "訂閱"
     },
-    "warning": {
-      "incompatibleMajor": "版本不相容：{{version}}（支援 ≤ {{supportedMajor}}.x）"
+    "subscription": {
+      "description": "輸入 <code>default</code> 使用內建鏈配置。",
+      "lastUpdated": "最近更新：{{value}}",
+      "placeholder": "default 或 https://example.com/chains.json",
+      "refreshAriaLabel": "刷新訂閱",
+      "save": "儲存",
+      "title": "訂閱 URL"
     },
+    "title": "鏈配置",
     "toast": {
-      "subscriptionSaved": "已儲存訂閱 URL",
+      "manualAdded": "已新增鏈配置",
       "subscriptionRefreshed": "訂閱已更新",
-      "manualAdded": "已新增鏈配置"
+      "subscriptionSaved": "已儲存訂閱 URL"
     },
-    "hint": "提示：訂閱配置會快取到本機，切換 URL 會清空舊快取以避免混淆。"
+    "warning": {
+      "incompatibleMajor": "版本不相容：{{version}}（支援 ≤ {{supportedMajor}}.x）"
+    }
+  },
+  "changeWalletLock": {
+    "forgotPattern": "忘記圖案？使用助記詞重設",
+    "invalidMnemonic": "助記詞格式無效",
+    "mnemonicVerifyDesc": "輸入建立錢包時備份的助記詞",
+    "mnemonicVerifyFailed": "助記詞驗證失敗，請檢查是否正確",
+    "mnemonicVerifyTitle": "使用助記詞驗證",
+    "noWallet": "請先建立或匯入錢包",
+    "returning": "正在返回設定頁面...",
+    "success": "錢包鎖修改成功",
+    "title": "修改錢包鎖",
+    "usePattern": "返回使用圖案驗證",
+    "verifyDesc": "請繪製目前錢包鎖圖案以繼續",
+    "verifyMnemonic": "驗證助記詞",
+    "verifyTitle": "驗證目前圖案",
+    "verifying": "驗證中...",
+    "walletIncomplete": "錢包資料不完整"
   },
   "clearData": {
-    "title": "清空應用程式資料",
-    "warning": "此操作將刪除所有本機資料，包括錢包、設定和快取。此操作不可撤銷！",
+    "confirm": "確認清空",
     "item1": "所有錢包資料將被刪除",
     "item2": "所有設定將恢復預設",
     "item3": "應用程式將重新啟動",
-    "confirm": "確認清空"
+    "title": "清空應用程式資料",
+    "warning": "此操作將刪除所有本機資料，包括錢包、設定和快取。此操作不可撤銷！"
+  },
+  "currency": {
+    "hint": "選擇計價貨幣後，資產價值將以所選貨幣顯示。",
+    "names": {
+      "CNY": "人民幣",
+      "EUR": "歐元",
+      "JPY": "日圓",
+      "KRW": "韓圓",
+      "USD": "美元"
+    },
+    "title": "計價貨幣"
+  },
+  "items": {
+    "aboutApp": "關於 BFM Pay",
+    "addressBook": "通訊錄",
+    "appLock": "應用程式鎖定",
+    "appearance": "外觀",
+    "chainConfig": "鏈配置",
+    "changeWalletLock": "修改密碼",
+    "clearData": "清空應用程式資料",
+    "currency": "貨幣單位",
+    "language": "語言",
+    "storage": "儲存空間",
+    "viewMnemonic": "查看助記詞",
+    "walletChains": "錢包網路",
+    "walletManagement": "錢包管理"
   },
+  "language": "語言",
+  "languagePage": {
+    "hint": "選擇介面語言後，應用程式將立即切換到所選語言。",
+    "title": "語言"
+  },
+  "notSupported": "暫不支援",
+  "sections": {
+    "about": "關於",
+    "preferences": "偏好設定",
+    "security": "安全",
+    "walletManagement": "錢包管理"
+  },
+  "settings": "設定",
   "storage": {
-    "title": "儲存空間",
-    "usage": "儲存使用情況",
+    "available": "可用空間",
     "basedOn": "基於瀏覽器儲存配額",
-    "used": "已使用",
+    "clearDesc": "清空所有本機儲存的資料，包括錢包、設定和快取。",
+    "clearTitle": "清理資料",
+    "goToClear": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 前往清理数据",
+    "migrationDesc": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 检测到旧版本数据格式，需要清空本地数据库后才能继续使用。您的助记词和私钥不会受到影响，但需要重新导入钱包。",
+    "migrationRequired": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 数据需要迁移",
+    "title": "儲存空間",
     "total": "總空間",
-    "usagePercent": "使用率",
-    "available": "可用空間",
     "unavailable": "無法取得儲存資訊",
-    "clearTitle": "清理資料",
-    "clearDesc": "清空所有本機儲存的資料，包括錢包、設定和快取。"
+    "usage": "儲存使用情況",
+    "usagePercent": "使用率",
+    "used": "已使用"
+  },
+  "title": "設定",
+  "viewMnemonic": {
+    "autoHideNote": "30秒後將自動隱藏",
+    "charCount": "{{count}} 字元",
+    "hide": "隱藏",
+    "noWallet": "請先建立或匯入錢包",
+    "patternError": "圖案錯誤",
+    "securityTip": "安全提示",
+    "securityWarningKey": "請確保周圍無人窺視。密鑰一旦洩露，資產將面臨風險。",
+    "securityWarningMnemonic": "請確保周圍無人窺視。助記詞一旦洩露，資產將面臨風險。",
+    "show": "顯示",
+    "titleKey": "查看密鑰",
+    "titleMnemonic": "查看助記詞",
+    "verifyDescKey": "請輸入錢包密碼以查看密鑰",
+    "verifyDescMnemonic": "請輸入錢包密碼以查看助記詞",
+    "verifyTitle": "驗證密碼",
+    "walletIncomplete": "錢包資料不完整",
+    "wordCount": "{{count}} 位助記詞"
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/transaction.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/transaction.json
index 7836497f7..0422e7213 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/transaction.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/transaction.json
@@ -65,23 +65,34 @@
   "contractTransactionData": "合约交易数据",
   "destoryAmount": "銷毀數量",
   "destoryQuantityCannotBeGreaterThanBalance": "銷毀數量不能大於餘額",
+  "destroyPage": {
+    "amountLabel": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 销毁数量",
+    "assetLabel": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 销毁资产",
+    "confirm": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 确认销毁",
+    "noDestroyableAssets": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 暂无可销毁的资产",
+    "notSupported": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 当前链不支持资产销毁",
+    "resultTitle": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 销毁结果",
+    "title": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 销毁",
+    "warning": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 销毁操作不可撤销，请仔细核对销毁数量。"
+  },
   "detail": {
+    "allowance": "授權額度",
     "blockHeight": "區塊高度",
     "confirmations": "確認數",
+    "contractAddress": "合約地址",
     "copied": "已複製",
     "copyHash": "複製哈希",
-    "contractAddress": "合約地址",
-    "spender": "授權對象",
-    "allowance": "授權額度",
     "fee": "手續費",
     "fromAddress": "發送地址",
     "hash": "交易哈希",
     "info": "交易資訊",
+    "invalidData": "交易資料解析失敗",
     "method": "方法",
     "network": "網路",
-    "invalidData": "交易資料解析失敗",
     "notFound": "交易不存在或已過期",
+    "openInExplorer": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 在浏览器中打开",
     "share": "分享",
+    "spender": "授權對象",
     "swapFrom": "換出",
     "swapTo": "換入",
     "time": "交易時間",
@@ -89,23 +100,6 @@
     "toAddress": "收款地址",
     "viewExplorer": "區塊瀏覽器"
   },
-  "method": {
-    "approve": "授權",
-    "transfer": "轉帳",
-    "swap": "兌換",
-    "swapExactTokensForETH": "代幣兌換 ETH",
-    "swapExactTokensForTokens": "代幣兌換",
-    "swapExactETHForTokens": "ETH 兌換代幣",
-    "multicall": "批量調用",
-    "execute": "執行",
-    "deposit": "存入",
-    "withdraw": "提取",
-    "stake": "質押",
-    "unstake": "解押",
-    "claim": "領取",
-    "mint": "鑄造",
-    "burn": "銷毀"
-  },
   "dpTransactionDetails": "DP詳情",
   "easyTransfer": "輕鬆轉賬",
   "enterAmount": "輸入數量",
@@ -115,15 +109,15 @@
   "failed": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 失败",
   "fee": "礦工費",
   "feeEdit": {
-    "belowMinFee": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 手续费不能低于最低手续费 {{minFee}} {{symbol}}",
-    "currentFee": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 当前手续费",
-    "customFee": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 自定义手续费",
-    "invalidFee": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 请输入有效的手续费",
-    "minFee": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 最低手续费",
-    "presetFast": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 快速",
-    "presetMin": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 最低",
-    "presetRecommend": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 推荐",
-    "title": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 编辑网络手续费"
+    "belowMinFee": "手續費不能低於最低手續費 {{minFee}} {{symbol}}",
+    "currentFee": "當前手續費",
+    "customFee": "自定義手續費",
+    "invalidFee": "請輸入有效的手續費",
+    "minFee": "最低手續費",
+    "presetFast": "快速",
+    "presetMin": "最低",
+    "presetRecommend": "推薦",
+    "title": "編輯網絡手續費"
   },
   "finallyReceive": "實際收到:",
   "forOvertimeTransactionTips": "對於超時交易，您可以通過區塊鏈瀏覽器查看交易是否成功。",
@@ -134,13 +128,13 @@
     "emptyDesc": "目前篩選條件下沒有交易記錄",
     "emptyTitle": "暫無交易記錄",
     "filter": {
-      "chainLabel": "網路",
-      "periodLabel": "時間",
       "allChains": "全部鏈",
       "allTime": "全部",
+      "chainLabel": "網路",
       "days30": "30天",
       "days7": "7天",
-      "days90": "90天"
+      "days90": "90天",
+      "periodLabel": "時間"
     },
     "noWallet": "請先建立或匯入錢包",
     "title": "交易記錄",
@@ -152,6 +146,23 @@
   "initiateTransfer": "發起轉賬",
   "insufficientBalanceIn_{symbol}": "餘額不足",
   "insufficientBalanceUnableToConductTransactions": "餘額不足，無法發起事件",
+  "method": {
+    "approve": "授權",
+    "burn": "銷毀",
+    "claim": "領取",
+    "deposit": "存入",
+    "execute": "執行",
+    "mint": "鑄造",
+    "multicall": "批量調用",
+    "stake": "質押",
+    "swap": "兌換",
+    "swapExactETHForTokens": "ETH 兌換代幣",
+    "swapExactTokensForETH": "代幣兌換 ETH",
+    "swapExactTokensForTokens": "代幣兌換",
+    "transfer": "轉帳",
+    "unstake": "解押",
+    "withdraw": "提取"
+  },
   "minerFee": "礦工費",
   "minnerFee": "礦工費",
   "newTransfer": "繼續轉賬",
@@ -183,9 +194,11 @@
   "send": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 发送",
   "sendPage": {
     "amountLabel": "金額",
+    "assetLabel": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 转账资产",
     "cameraPermissionRequired": "需要相機權限才能掃描",
     "continue": "繼續",
     "explorerNotImplemented": "區塊瀏覽器功能待實現",
+    "fee": "[MISSING:zh-TW] 手续费",
     "from": "發送地址",
     "networkWarning": "請確保收款地址為 {{chain}} 網絡地址，發送到錯誤網絡將無法找回",
     "resultTitle": "發送結果",
@@ -249,17 +262,6 @@
   "tronLessFeeTips": "目前TRX較少，可能不足以支付手續費而導致轉帳失敗。",
   "tronNetworkFeeLongTips_1": "網絡費用會根據網絡情況有所不同，一旦交易確認，無論交易成功與否，費用均不退還。",
   "tronNetworkFeeLongTips_2": "網絡費用是由TRON網絡收取， BFM Pay不會收取任何費用！",
-  "feeEdit": {
-    "title": "編輯網絡手續費",
-    "currentFee": "當前手續費",
-    "minFee": "最低手續費",
-    "customFee": "自定義手續費",
-    "presetMin": "最低",
-    "presetRecommend": "推薦",
-    "presetFast": "快速",
-    "invalidFee": "請輸入有效的手續費",
-    "belowMinFee": "手續費不能低於最低手續費 {{minFee}} {{symbol}}"
-  },
   "txStatus": {
     "broadcasted": "广播成功",
     "broadcastedDesc": "交易已广播，等待区块确认...",
@@ -274,30 +276,30 @@
     "viewDetails": "查看详情"
   },
   "type": {
+    "approve": "授權",
     "certificate": "凭证操作",
     "dapp": "DApp操作",
     "destroy": "权益销毁",
     "destroyEntity": "销毁资产",
     "emigrate": "权益迁出",
     "exchange": "权益交换",
-    "swap": "Swap",
     "gift": "发起赠送",
     "grab": "接受赠送",
     "immigrate": "权益迁入",
     "increaseAsset": "增发权益",
+    "interaction": "合約交互",
     "issueAsset": "创建权益",
-    "mint": "Mint",
     "issueEntity": "创建资产",
     "locationName": "位名操作",
     "mark": "数据存证",
-    "approve": "授權",
-    "interaction": "合約交互",
+    "mint": "Mint",
     "other": "其他",
     "receive": "接收",
     "send": "發送",
     "signFor": "签收委托",
     "signature": "设置安全密码",
     "stake": "質押",
+    "swap": "Swap",
     "trust": "发起委托",
     "unstake": "解押"
   },
diff --git a/src/pages/history/detail.test.tsx b/src/pages/history/detail.test.tsx
index b7b8c30ea..ff6641871 100644
--- a/src/pages/history/detail.test.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/history/detail.test.tsx
@@ -215,9 +215,10 @@ describe('TransactionDetailPage', () => {
       renderWithProviders(<TransactionDetailPage />)
       expect(await screen.findByText(t('transaction:detail.invalidData'))).toBeInTheDocument()
 
-      const copyButton = screen.getByText(t('transaction:detail.copyHash'))
+      // CopyableText component uses clickToCopy aria-label
+      const copyButton = screen.getByLabelText(t('common:clickToCopy'))
       await userEvent.click(copyButton)
-      expect(mockClipboardWrite).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ text: 'ethereum--0xdeadbeef'.split('--')[1] })
+      expect(mockClipboardWrite).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ text: '0xdeadbeef' })
     })
   })
 
@@ -269,19 +270,22 @@ describe('TransactionDetailPage', () => {
     it('copies hash to clipboard when button is clicked', async () => {
       renderWithProviders(<TransactionDetailPage />)
 
-      const copyButton = screen.getByText(t('transaction:detail.copyHash'))
+      // CopyableText component displays the hash and uses clickToCopy aria-label
+      const mockTx = createMockTransaction()
+      const copyButton = await screen.findByLabelText(t('common:clickToCopy'))
       await userEvent.click(copyButton)
 
-      expect(mockClipboardWrite).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ text: createMockTransaction().hash })
+      expect(mockClipboardWrite).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ text: mockTx.hash })
     })
 
     it('shows copied state after clicking', async () => {
       renderWithProviders(<TransactionDetailPage />)
 
-      const copyButton = screen.getByText(t('transaction:detail.copyHash'))
+      // CopyableText component changes aria-label to copiedToClipboard after click
+      const copyButton = await screen.findByLabelText(t('common:clickToCopy'))
       await userEvent.click(copyButton)
 
-      expect(screen.getByText(t('transaction:detail.copied'))).toBeInTheDocument()
+      expect(screen.getByLabelText(t('common:copiedToClipboard'))).toBeInTheDocument()
     })
   })
 
diff --git a/src/services/ecosystem/my-apps.ts b/src/services/ecosystem/my-apps.ts
index 023ffb842..7c2e3b6b6 100644
--- a/src/services/ecosystem/my-apps.ts
+++ b/src/services/ecosystem/my-apps.ts
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
 /**
- * My Apps - 本地已安装应用管理
+ * My Apps - Local installed app persistence layer
+ * 
+ * NOTE: Do not use this directly for state management. Use ecosystemStore instead.
  */
 
-const MY_APPS_KEY = 'ecosystem_my_apps'
+import type { MyAppRecord } from './types'
 
-export interface MyAppRecord {
-  appId: string
-  installedAt: number
-  lastUsedAt: number
-}
+const MY_APPS_KEY = 'ecosystem_my_apps'
 
 const LEGACY_APP_ID_MAP: Record<string, string> = {
   teleport: 'xin.dweb.teleport',
   forge: 'xin.dweb.forge',
 }
 
-function normalizeAppId(appId: string): string {
+export function normalizeAppId(appId: string): string {
   return LEGACY_APP_ID_MAP[appId] ?? appId
 }
 
@@ -44,31 +42,4 @@ export function saveMyApps(apps: MyAppRecord[]): void {
   localStorage.setItem(MY_APPS_KEY, JSON.stringify(apps))
 }
 
-export function isInMyApps(appId: string): boolean {
-  return loadMyApps().some((a) => a.appId === normalizeAppId(appId))
-}
 
-export function addToMyApps(appId: string): void {
-  appId = normalizeAppId(appId)
-  const apps = loadMyApps()
-  if (!apps.some((a) => a.appId === appId)) {
-    apps.unshift({ appId, installedAt: Date.now(), lastUsedAt: Date.now() })
-    saveMyApps(apps)
-  }
-}
-
-export function updateLastUsed(appId: string): void {
-  appId = normalizeAppId(appId)
-  const apps = loadMyApps()
-  const app = apps.find((a) => a.appId === appId)
-  if (app) {
-    app.lastUsedAt = Date.now()
-    saveMyApps(apps)
-  }
-}
-
-export function removeFromMyApps(appId: string): void {
-  appId = normalizeAppId(appId)
-  const apps = loadMyApps().filter((a) => a.appId !== appId)
-  saveMyApps(apps)
-}
diff --git a/src/services/ecosystem/types.ts b/src/services/ecosystem/types.ts
index 11730bb18..719f4833e 100644
--- a/src/services/ecosystem/types.ts
+++ b/src/services/ecosystem/types.ts
@@ -270,6 +270,15 @@ export interface SourceRecord {
   builtin?: boolean
 }
 
+/**
+ * My Apps - Local installed app record
+ */
+export interface MyAppRecord {
+  appId: string
+  installedAt: number
+  lastUsedAt: number
+}
+
 /** Method handler */
 export type MethodHandler = (
   params: unknown,
diff --git a/src/stackflow/activities/MiniappDetailActivity.tsx b/src/stackflow/activities/MiniappDetailActivity.tsx
index 9c806c2c6..2eaba2f10 100644
--- a/src/stackflow/activities/MiniappDetailActivity.tsx
+++ b/src/stackflow/activities/MiniappDetailActivity.tsx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 import { useEffect, useState, useCallback } from 'react'
 import type { ActivityComponentType } from '@stackflow/react'
+import { useStore } from '@tanstack/react-store'
 import { AppScreen } from '@stackflow/plugin-basic-ui'
 import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next'
 import { useFlow } from '../stackflow'
@@ -11,9 +12,6 @@ import {
   getAppById, 
   initRegistry, 
   refreshSources,
-  addToMyApps,
-  isInMyApps,
-  updateLastUsed,
   type MiniappManifest, 
   KNOWN_PERMISSIONS 
 } from '@/services/ecosystem'
@@ -32,7 +30,7 @@ import {
 } from '@tabler/icons-react'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 import { launchApp } from '@/services/miniapp-runtime'
-import { ecosystemActions } from '@/stores/ecosystem'
+import { ecosystemActions, ecosystemStore, ecosystemSelectors } from '@/stores/ecosystem'
 
 type MiniappDetailActivityParams = {
   appId: string
@@ -118,7 +116,11 @@ export const MiniappDetailActivity: ActivityComponentType<MiniappDetailActivityP
   const [app, setApp] = useState<MiniappManifest | null>(null)
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true)
   const [descExpanded, setDescExpanded] = useState(false)
-  const [installed, setInstalled] = useState(false)
+  
+  // Use store selector for reactivity (Single Source of Truth)
+  const installed = useStore(ecosystemStore, (state) => 
+    ecosystemSelectors.isAppInstalled(state, params.appId)
+  )
 
   useEffect(() => {
     let disposed = false
@@ -137,7 +139,6 @@ export const MiniappDetailActivity: ActivityComponentType<MiniappDetailActivityP
 
       if (disposed) return
       setApp(manifest ?? null)
-      setInstalled(isInMyApps(params.appId))
       setLoading(false)
     }
 
@@ -150,13 +151,12 @@ export const MiniappDetailActivity: ActivityComponentType<MiniappDetailActivityP
 
   const handleInstall = useCallback(() => {
     if (!app) return
-    addToMyApps(app.id)
-    setInstalled(true)
+    ecosystemActions.installApp(app.id)
   }, [app])
 
   const handleOpen = useCallback(() => {
     if (!app) return
-    updateLastUsed(app.id)
+    ecosystemActions.updateAppLastUsed(app.id)
     ecosystemActions.setActiveSubPage('mine')
     launchApp(app.id, { ...app, targetDesktop: 'mine' })
     pop()
@@ -414,3 +414,4 @@ export const MiniappDetailActivity: ActivityComponentType<MiniappDetailActivityP
     </AppScreen>
   )
 }
+
diff --git a/src/stackflow/activities/tabs/EcosystemTab.tsx b/src/stackflow/activities/tabs/EcosystemTab.tsx
index b8bba8b3a..e805839c5 100644
--- a/src/stackflow/activities/tabs/EcosystemTab.tsx
+++ b/src/stackflow/activities/tabs/EcosystemTab.tsx
@@ -1,28 +1,27 @@
 import { useEffect, useState, useCallback, useRef, useMemo } from 'react';
+import { useStore } from '@tanstack/react-store';
 import { useFlow } from '../../stackflow';
 import { LoadingSpinner } from '@/components/common/loading-spinner';
 import {
   initRegistry,
   getApps,
   subscribeApps,
-  loadMyApps,
-  addToMyApps,
-  updateLastUsed,
-  removeFromMyApps,
   type MyAppRecord,
 } from '@/services/ecosystem';
 import type { MiniappManifest } from '@/services/ecosystem';
 import { EcosystemDesktop, type EcosystemDesktopHandle } from '@/components/ecosystem';
 import { computeFeaturedScore } from '@/services/ecosystem/scoring';
 import { launchApp, useMiniappVisibilityRestore } from '@/services/miniapp-runtime';
-import { ecosystemActions } from '@/stores/ecosystem';
+import { ecosystemActions, ecosystemStore } from '@/stores/ecosystem';
 
 export function EcosystemTab() {
   const { push } = useFlow();
   const desktopRef = useRef<EcosystemDesktopHandle>(null);
   const [apps, setApps] = useState<MiniappManifest[]>([]);
-  const [myAppRecords, setMyAppRecords] = useState<MyAppRecord[]>([]);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
+  
+  // Subscribe to myApps from the store (Single Source of Truth)
+  const myAppRecords = useStore(ecosystemStore, (state) => state.myApps);
 
   // 初始化数据
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -30,7 +29,6 @@ export function EcosystemTab() {
 
     initRegistry({ refresh: true }).then(() => {
       setApps(getApps());
-      setMyAppRecords(loadMyApps());
       setLoading(false);
     });
 
@@ -50,9 +48,9 @@ export function EcosystemTab() {
 
   const handleAppOpen = useCallback(
     (app: MiniappManifest) => {
-      addToMyApps(app.id);
-      updateLastUsed(app.id);
-      setMyAppRecords(loadMyApps());
+      // Use store actions instead of direct service calls
+      ecosystemActions.installApp(app.id);
+      ecosystemActions.updateAppLastUsed(app.id);
 
       // 为了保证 shared layout 捕获到 icon 的起点位置，先固定到 mine
       ecosystemActions.setActiveSubPage('mine');
@@ -65,8 +63,7 @@ export function EcosystemTab() {
   );
 
   const handleAppRemove = useCallback((appId: string) => {
-    removeFromMyApps(appId);
-    setMyAppRecords(loadMyApps());
+    ecosystemActions.uninstallApp(appId);
   }, []);
 
   // 计算数据
@@ -121,3 +118,4 @@ export function EcosystemTab() {
     />
   );
 }
+
diff --git a/src/stores/ecosystem.test.ts b/src/stores/ecosystem.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6956dc2f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stores/ecosystem.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest'
+import { ecosystemStore, ecosystemActions, ecosystemSelectors } from './ecosystem'
+
+// Mock localStorage
+const localStorageMock = (() => {
+  let store: Record<string, string> = {}
+  return {
+    getItem: vi.fn((key: string) => store[key] ?? null),
+    setItem: vi.fn((key: string, value: string) => {
+      store[key] = value
+    }),
+    removeItem: vi.fn((key: string) => {
+      delete store[key]
+    }),
+    clear: vi.fn(() => {
+      store = {}
+    }),
+  }
+})()
+
+Object.defineProperty(global, 'localStorage', { value: localStorageMock })
+
+// Mock import.meta.env
+vi.stubGlobal('import', { meta: { env: { BASE_URL: '/' } } })
+
+describe('ecosystemStore - myApps management', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    localStorageMock.clear()
+    // Reset store state
+    ecosystemStore.setState(() => ({
+      permissions: [],
+      sources: [],
+      myApps: [],
+      availableSubPages: ['discover', 'mine'],
+      activeSubPage: 'discover',
+      swiperProgress: 0,
+      syncSource: null,
+    }))
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  describe('installApp', () => {
+    it('adds app to myApps list', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('test.app.id')
+      
+      expect(ecosystemStore.state.myApps).toHaveLength(1)
+      expect(ecosystemStore.state.myApps[0]?.appId).toBe('test.app.id')
+    })
+
+    it('sets installedAt and lastUsedAt timestamps', () => {
+      const before = Date.now()
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('test.app.id')
+      const after = Date.now()
+      
+      const app = ecosystemStore.state.myApps[0]
+      expect(app?.installedAt).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(before)
+      expect(app?.installedAt).toBeLessThanOrEqual(after)
+      expect(app?.lastUsedAt).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(before)
+      expect(app?.lastUsedAt).toBeLessThanOrEqual(after)
+    })
+
+    it('adds new app to the front of the list', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('app.first')
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('app.second')
+      
+      expect(ecosystemStore.state.myApps[0]?.appId).toBe('app.second')
+      expect(ecosystemStore.state.myApps[1]?.appId).toBe('app.first')
+    })
+
+    it('does not duplicate already installed app', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('test.app.id')
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('test.app.id')
+      
+      expect(ecosystemStore.state.myApps).toHaveLength(1)
+    })
+
+    it('normalizes legacy app IDs', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('teleport')
+      
+      expect(ecosystemStore.state.myApps[0]?.appId).toBe('xin.dweb.teleport')
+    })
+
+    it('persists to localStorage', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('test.app.id')
+      
+      expect(localStorageMock.setItem).toHaveBeenCalled()
+      // Find the last call to ecosystem_my_apps
+      const myAppsCalls = localStorageMock.setItem.mock.calls.filter(
+        (call) => call[0] === 'ecosystem_my_apps'
+      )
+      expect(myAppsCalls.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+      const lastCall = myAppsCalls[myAppsCalls.length - 1]
+      const savedApps = JSON.parse(lastCall![1])
+      expect(savedApps.some((a: { appId: string }) => a.appId === 'test.app.id')).toBe(true)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('uninstallApp', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('app.one')
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('app.two')
+      vi.clearAllMocks()
+    })
+
+    it('removes app from myApps list', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.uninstallApp('app.one')
+      
+      expect(ecosystemStore.state.myApps).toHaveLength(1)
+      expect(ecosystemStore.state.myApps[0]?.appId).toBe('app.two')
+    })
+
+    it('does nothing if app not found', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.uninstallApp('app.nonexistent')
+      
+      expect(ecosystemStore.state.myApps).toHaveLength(2)
+    })
+
+    it('normalizes legacy app IDs', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('forge')
+      ecosystemActions.uninstallApp('forge')
+      
+      expect(ecosystemStore.state.myApps.find((a) => a.appId === 'xin.dweb.forge')).toBeUndefined()
+    })
+
+    it('persists to localStorage', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.uninstallApp('app.one')
+      
+      expect(localStorageMock.setItem).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('updateAppLastUsed', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('test.app.id')
+      vi.clearAllMocks()
+    })
+
+    it('updates lastUsedAt timestamp', async () => {
+      const originalLastUsed = ecosystemStore.state.myApps[0]?.lastUsedAt ?? 0
+      
+      // Wait a bit to ensure timestamp difference
+      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 10))
+      
+      ecosystemActions.updateAppLastUsed('test.app.id')
+      
+      const updatedLastUsed = ecosystemStore.state.myApps[0]?.lastUsedAt ?? 0
+      expect(updatedLastUsed).toBeGreaterThan(originalLastUsed)
+    })
+
+    it('does nothing if app not installed', () => {
+      const stateBefore = { ...ecosystemStore.state }
+      ecosystemActions.updateAppLastUsed('nonexistent.app')
+      
+      expect(ecosystemStore.state.myApps).toEqual(stateBefore.myApps)
+    })
+
+    it('persists to localStorage', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.updateAppLastUsed('test.app.id')
+      
+      expect(localStorageMock.setItem).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('isAppInstalled selector', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('installed.app')
+    })
+
+    it('returns true for installed app', () => {
+      const result = ecosystemSelectors.isAppInstalled(ecosystemStore.state, 'installed.app')
+      expect(result).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it('returns false for non-installed app', () => {
+      const result = ecosystemSelectors.isAppInstalled(ecosystemStore.state, 'not.installed')
+      expect(result).toBe(false)
+    })
+
+    it('normalizes legacy app IDs', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('teleport')
+      
+      const result = ecosystemSelectors.isAppInstalled(ecosystemStore.state, 'teleport')
+      expect(result).toBe(true)
+      
+      const resultNormalized = ecosystemSelectors.isAppInstalled(
+        ecosystemStore.state,
+        'xin.dweb.teleport'
+      )
+      expect(resultNormalized).toBe(true)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('store subscription reactivity', () => {
+    it('triggers subscribers on installApp', () => {
+      const subscriber = vi.fn()
+      const unsubscribe = ecosystemStore.subscribe(subscriber)
+      
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('new.app')
+      
+      expect(subscriber).toHaveBeenCalled()
+      unsubscribe()
+    })
+
+    it('triggers subscribers on uninstallApp', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('app.to.remove')
+      
+      const subscriber = vi.fn()
+      const unsubscribe = ecosystemStore.subscribe(subscriber)
+      
+      ecosystemActions.uninstallApp('app.to.remove')
+      
+      expect(subscriber).toHaveBeenCalled()
+      unsubscribe()
+    })
+
+    it('triggers subscribers on updateAppLastUsed', () => {
+      ecosystemActions.installApp('app.to.update')
+      
+      const subscriber = vi.fn()
+      const unsubscribe = ecosystemStore.subscribe(subscriber)
+      
+      ecosystemActions.updateAppLastUsed('app.to.update')
+      
+      expect(subscriber).toHaveBeenCalled()
+      unsubscribe()
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ecosystemStore - activeSubPage', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    ecosystemStore.setState(() => ({
+      permissions: [],
+      sources: [],
+      myApps: [],
+      availableSubPages: ['discover', 'mine'],
+      activeSubPage: 'discover',
+      swiperProgress: 0,
+      syncSource: null,
+    }))
+  })
+
+  it('setActiveSubPage updates the active sub page', () => {
+    ecosystemActions.setActiveSubPage('mine')
+    expect(ecosystemStore.state.activeSubPage).toBe('mine')
+  })
+
+  it('persists activeSubPage to localStorage', () => {
+    ecosystemActions.setActiveSubPage('mine')
+    
+    // Find the last call to ecosystem_store
+    const storeCalls = localStorageMock.setItem.mock.calls.filter(
+      (call) => call[0] === 'ecosystem_store'
+    )
+    expect(storeCalls.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    const lastCall = storeCalls[storeCalls.length - 1]
+    const savedState = JSON.parse(lastCall![1])
+    expect(savedState.activeSubPage).toBe('mine')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/stores/ecosystem.ts b/src/stores/ecosystem.ts
index 8554f9da8..f58b2b021 100644
--- a/src/stores/ecosystem.ts
+++ b/src/stores/ecosystem.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
  */
 
 import { Store } from '@tanstack/react-store'
+import { type MyAppRecord } from '@/services/ecosystem/types'
+import { loadMyApps, normalizeAppId, saveMyApps } from '@/services/ecosystem/my-apps'
 
 /** 权限记录 */
 export interface PermissionRecord {
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ export type SyncSource = 'swiper' | 'indicator' | null
 export interface EcosystemState {
   permissions: PermissionRecord[]
   sources: SourceRecord[]
+  myApps: MyAppRecord[]
   /** 当前可用子页面（由 EcosystemDesktop 根据配置/运行态写入） */
   availableSubPages: EcosystemSubPage[]
   /** 当前子页面（发现/我的） */
@@ -81,6 +84,7 @@ function loadState(): EcosystemState {
             enabled: true,
           },
         ],
+        myApps: loadMyApps(),
         availableSubPages: fixedAvailableSubPages,
         activeSubPage,
         swiperProgress: 0,
@@ -100,6 +104,7 @@ function loadState(): EcosystemState {
         enabled: true,
       },
     ],
+    myApps: loadMyApps(),
     availableSubPages: DEFAULT_AVAILABLE_SUBPAGES,
     activeSubPage: 'discover',
     swiperProgress: 0,
@@ -110,7 +115,14 @@ function loadState(): EcosystemState {
 /** 保存状态到 localStorage */
 function saveState(state: EcosystemState): void {
   try {
-    localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(state))
+    localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify({
+      permissions: state.permissions,
+      sources: state.sources,
+      availableSubPages: state.availableSubPages,
+      activeSubPage: state.activeSubPage,
+      // myApps is saved separately
+    }))
+    saveMyApps(state.myApps)
   } catch {
     // ignore
   }
@@ -141,10 +153,60 @@ export const ecosystemSelectors = {
   getEnabledSources: (state: EcosystemState): SourceRecord[] => {
     return state.sources.filter((s) => s.enabled)
   },
+
+  /** 检查应用是否已安装 */
+  isAppInstalled: (state: EcosystemState, appId: string): boolean => {
+    const normalized = normalizeAppId(appId)
+    return state.myApps.some((a) => a.appId === normalized)
+  },
 }
 
 /** Actions */
 export const ecosystemActions = {
+  /** 安装应用 */
+  installApp: (appId: string): void => {
+    ecosystemStore.setState((state) => {
+      const normalized = normalizeAppId(appId)
+      if (state.myApps.some((a) => a.appId === normalized)) {
+        return state // 已安装
+      }
+      return {
+        ...state,
+        myApps: [
+          { appId: normalized, installedAt: Date.now(), lastUsedAt: Date.now() },
+          ...state.myApps,
+        ],
+      }
+    })
+  },
+
+  /** 卸载应用 */
+  uninstallApp: (appId: string): void => {
+    ecosystemStore.setState((state) => {
+      const normalized = normalizeAppId(appId)
+      return {
+        ...state,
+        myApps: state.myApps.filter((a) => a.appId !== normalized),
+      }
+    })
+  },
+
+  /** 更新应用最后使用时间 */
+  updateAppLastUsed: (appId: string): void => {
+    ecosystemStore.setState((state) => {
+      const normalized = normalizeAppId(appId)
+      const existing = state.myApps.find((a) => a.appId === normalized)
+      if (!existing) return state
+
+      return {
+        ...state,
+        myApps: state.myApps.map((a) =>
+          a.appId === normalized ? { ...a, lastUsedAt: Date.now() } : a
+        ),
+      }
+    })
+  },
+
   /** 授予权限 */
   grantPermissions: (appId: string, permissions: string[]): void => {
     ecosystemStore.setState((state) => {