diff --git a/backend/src/common/stellar-network.ts b/backend/src/common/stellar-network.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1222e53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/common/stellar-network.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/**
+ * Stellar network normalisation (#1495).
+ *
+ * `STELLAR_NETWORK` was interpreted as a passphrase in one place and as a
+ * network name in another. This maps names to passphrases and back so both
+ * stay consistent.
+ */
+export enum StellarNetwork {
+  PUBLIC = "PUBLIC",
+  TESTNET = "TESTNET",
+  FUTURENET = "FUTURENET",
+}
+
+const PASSPHRASES: Record<StellarNetwork, string> = {
+  [StellarNetwork.PUBLIC]: "Public Global Stellar Network ; September 2015",
+  [StellarNetwork.TESTNET]: "Test SDF Network ; September 2015",
+  [StellarNetwork.FUTURENET]: "Test SDF Future Network ; October 2022",
+};
+
+/** Resolve a network name to its passphrase. */
+export function passphraseFor(network: StellarNetwork): string {
+  return PASSPHRASES[network];
+}
+
+/** Resolve a passphrase or name back to a `StellarNetwork`, or `null`. */
+export function networkFrom(value: string): StellarNetwork | null {
+  const upper = value.trim().toUpperCase();
+  if (upper in PASSPHRASES) {
+    return upper as StellarNetwork;
+  }
+  const match = (
+    Object.entries(PASSPHRASES) as [StellarNetwork, string][]
+  ).find(([, passphrase]) => passphrase === value);
+  return match ? match[0] : null;
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/disputes/dispute-actions.constants.ts b/backend/src/disputes/dispute-actions.constants.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03c3b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/disputes/dispute-actions.constants.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * Dispute route + resolution constants (#1492).
+ *
+ * Defines the reassign and withdraw (DELETE) routes, the admin listing path and
+ * the resolution states, so the new endpoints agree on a single vocabulary.
+ */
+export interface DisputeRoute {
+  method: "POST" | "DELETE" | "GET" | "PATCH";
+  path: string;
+}
+
+export const DISPUTE_ROUTES: Readonly<Record<string, DisputeRoute>> =
+  Object.freeze({
+    reassign: { method: "POST", path: "disputes/:id/reassign" },
+    withdraw: { method: "DELETE", path: "disputes/:id" },
+    adminList: { method: "GET", path: "admin/disputes" },
+    resolve: { method: "PATCH", path: "disputes/:id/resolve" },
+  });
+
+export type DisputeResolution = "UPHELD" | "REJECTED" | "WITHDRAWN";
+
+export const DISPUTE_RESOLUTIONS: readonly DisputeResolution[] = [
+  "UPHELD",
+  "REJECTED",
+  "WITHDRAWN",
+];
+
+/** Whether a resolution requires a non-empty note (#1492). */
+export function requiresResolutionNote(resolution: DisputeResolution): boolean {
+  return resolution !== "WITHDRAWN";
+}