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All primary evaluations were conducted March–July 2026.
Partial replication conducted August 2026.
Primary models (M1–M6)
Model ID
Model name
API/inference string
Query window
Endpoint
Decoding
M1
GPT-4o
gpt-4o-2024-08-06
Mar–Jul 2026
OpenAI Chat Completions API
T=0.0/0.7, max_tokens=1024
M2
Claude 3 Opus
claude-3-opus-20240229
Mar–Jul 2026
Anthropic Messages API
T=0.0/0.7, max_tokens=1024
M3
Gemini 1.5 Pro
gemini-1.5-pro-latest
Mar–Jul 2026
Google AI Studio API
T=0.0/0.7, max_tokens=1024
M4
LLaMA-3-70B-Instruct
Meta-Llama-3-70B-Instruct
Mar–Jul 2026
vLLM local, bf16
T=0.0/0.7, max_tokens=1024
M5
Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3
Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3
Mar–Jul 2026
vLLM local, bf16
T=0.0/0.7, max_tokens=1024
M6
MedLLaMA-2-7B
medllama2_7b (HuggingFace Hub)
Mar–Jul 2026
vLLM local, bf16
T=0.0/0.7, max_tokens=1024
Replication models (M7–M8, partial)
Model ID
Model name
API/inference string
Query window
Scope
M7
Claude Opus 4.6
claude-opus-4-6
Aug 2026
All 24 patterns × Math + IF tasks
M8
Qwen3-14B-Instruct
Qwen3-14B-Instruct (HuggingFace Hub)
Aug 2026
All 24 patterns × Math + IF tasks
Evaluation judges
Role
Model
API string
Applied to
Primary judge
GPT-4o
gpt-4o-2024-08-06
All items
Secondary judge
Gemini 1.5 Pro
gemini-1.5-pro-latest
25% holdout (N=1,260)
Tertiary judge
Prometheus-2
prometheus-2-8x7b-rc
25% holdout (N=1,260)
Global settings
System prompt: null (empty) for primary evaluation
Ablation conditions: null / "You are a helpful assistant." / task-specific
Seed: Provider-specific where supported; not available for all proprietary APIs
Number of independent runs per cell: 5
Number of paraphrastic variants per pattern: 4 (V-A, V-B, V-C, V-D)
Bootstrap CI resamples: 10,000
Provider notes
API-accessed proprietary models (M1, M2, M3) may change without notice.
Results are reproducible only with the exact version strings listed above.
vLLM local deployments are reproducible given the same model checkpoint
and vLLM version (≥0.4.0 for all tested checkpoints).