diff --git a/spongeanatomy.json b/spongeanatomy.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c928a25 --- /dev/null +++ b/spongeanatomy.json @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ +{ + "identifier": "spongeanatomy", + "title": "Sponge Anatomy", + "description": "A tour focused on sponge anatomy. Here, we'll learn about their body plan, feeding, sensory abilities, and reproduction.", + "author": "Josh Sensiba", + "license": "cc-by-4.0", + "image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vaasspons2.jpg", + "tourstops": [ + { + "identifier": "Intro", + "template_data": { + "title": "Intro", + "window_text": [ + "Many biologists consider sponges to be the sister group to all other animals. They have evolved in their own quirky directions longer than any other living animal groups. They lack so many things we see in other animals, like eyes, muscles, blood, or even a brain. As a matter of fact, they have no true tissues or organs whatsoever. Yet, they are able to interact with their environment in beautifully complex ways. On this tour, we will learn about their anatomy, how they sense the environment, and how they reproduce." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sponges_in_Caribbean_Sea,_Cayman_Islands.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=fan:#8282f7@=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Find the sponges", + "template_data": { + "title": "Find the Sponges", + "window_text": [ + "All four sponges in the picture below can be found on OneZoom. Trace the lines to find them! The colored arrows in the image match with the colors you see in the tree right now. One of the sponges is of an unidentified species, and could only be assigned to a genus. Can you find which one it is? It's Callyspongia, shown on the blue path! Feel free to continue the tour after you've explored OneZoom to find each of the sponges." + ], + "media": [ + "sponges/labeled_Cayman_Islands_sponges.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#f0e442@Porifera=67819@Aplysina_fistularis=439207&highlight=path:#cc79a7@Porifera=67819@Niphates_digitalis=298916&highlight=path:#000000@Porifera=67819@Spirastrella_coccinea=914704&highlight=path:#0072b2@Porifera=67819@Callyspongia=1031750", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Mesohyl", + "template_data": { + "title": "Jelly-like Interior", + "window_text": [ + "When thinking of sponges, what comes to mind? Probably SpongeBob, or the cleaning tool. Real sponges are squishy too, but for a very different reason. Over 90% of their body is a jelly-like, squishy matrix called the mesohyl. It contains a bunch of different cell types that drift around, serving different purposes for the animal. Instead of having organs and tissues, sponges are essentially a bundle of distinct cells in a trench coat working together. In the picture below, the grey represents the mesohyl, the right is the outside of the sponge, and the left is the inside. Have a guess at what each cell in the image does. We'll find out about them throughout this tour." + ], + "media": [ + "sponges/Porifera_cell_types_unlabeled.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "stop_1", + "template_data": { + "title": "SpongeBob", + "window_text": [ + "If you were curious, this is what SpongeBob looks like in real life! Stephen Hillenburg took inspiration from this species when originally planning SpongeBob's appearance. Over time, he gradually morphed into his classic cleaning sponge model we know and love today. The series still identifies him as this species on occassion though. If you want to see the real life SpongeBob, they are very common across the Caribbean." + ] + }, + "ott": "@Aplysina_fistularis=439207" + }, + { + "identifier": "Archaeocytes", + "template_data": { + "title": "Archaeocytes", + "window_text": [ + "One of the many cell types that drift through the mesohyl is the archaeocytes. They are essentially sponge stem cells. They can transform into any other type of cell the sponge has! We have now collected our first sponge cell type." + ], + "media": [ + "sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled1.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Spicules", + "template_data": { + "title": "Spicules", + "window_text": [ + "Another cell type in the mesohyl is the sclerocyte. These grow little spikes called \"spicules.\" They normally poke through the sponge's body, both reinforcing them and providing defense. Most predators don't like being stabbed hundreds of times by their food, so it is a pretty solid deterrent! The image (and OneZoom) now shows the Venus' flower basket sponge, which uses its spicules like barbed wire." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sponge_Spicules_of_Euplectella.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Euplectella_aspergillum=164229", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Spicules on cell types diagram", + "template_data": { + "title": "Spicules (Diagram)", + "window_text": [ + "In case you didn't notice, our nifty little diagram had one of these guys! They are now labeled with a blue arrow below." + ], + "media": [ + "sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled2.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Euplectella_aspergillum=164229", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Feeding", + "template_data": { + "title": "Feeding", + "window_text": [ + "How do sponges eat without a mouth, throat, or stomach? The answer lies in their pores. The pores all over their bodies lead to chambers, which are lined with cells called \"choanocytes.\" These cells all have a long tail, called the flagella, that they whip back and forth to pull water into the sponge. They also have little sticky fingers that form a collar around the flagella. These capture particles flowing through the water column. In other words, the sponge method of eating is collecting food flowing through it with thousands of tiny fingers. In OneZoom, you can see the yellow Clathrina sponge. It has large pores in the image on OneZoom, allowing you to see where the choanocytes are found. Choanocytes are also now labeled in orange in our nifty diagram below." + ], + "media": [ + "sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled3.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Clathrina_clathrus=918495", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Choanocytes vs Choanoflagellates", + "template_data": { + "title": "Choanocytes vs Choanoflagellates", + "window_text": [ + "The drawing below shows a choanocyte and a choanoflagellate. They look similar, right? What if I told you that choanoflagellates are not even animals! They aren't multicellular and don't produce sperm or egg cells, while sponges do. This is an interesting connection between sponges and non-animals. In OneZoom right now, the blue color represents sponges, while the red color represents Choanoflagellates." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Choanoflagellate_and_choanocyte.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "@_ancestor=202765=691846", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=fan:#8282f7@Porifera=67819&highlight=fan:#eb4034@Choanoflagellida=202765", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "That's an animal?", + "template_data": { + "title": "Zooming Out", + "window_text": [ + "Now that we have covered sponges on a micro scale, let's take a step back and look at complex behaviors that sponges do across their whole bodies. They can do unbelievable things, such as moving, sneezing, and reproducing in four completely different ways." + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Surprisingly animal attribute 1: moving", + "template_data": { + "title": "Amazing Ability 1: Moving", + "window_text": [ + "Although they move at speeds too slow for us to observe, biologists have found tracks of their spicules following sponges. It is a brutal process that involves literally grinding their skeleton along the ground. This is thought to allow them to avoid unfavorable water conditions, to reproduce in new environments, and to deter sea urchins from eating them. Their max measured speed was a dizzying 4 millimeters per day. In comparison, the average tortoise moves around 0.3 kilometers per hour (0.2 mph), almost two million times faster than the average sponge." + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Spot the paths", + "template_data": { + "title": "Spot the Paths", + "window_text": [ + "In the clip below, see if you can spot the sponge trails through the sediment." + ], + "media": [ + "https://www.youtube.com/embed/vQcGaapTndA?start=10&end=30" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Surprisingly animal attribute 2: sneezing", + "template_data": { + "title": "Amazing Ability 2: Sneezing", + "window_text": [ + "Believe it or not, sponges can sneeze! While filtering water through their bodies, if their choanocytes pick up harmful debris, they can close their pores to prevent any more dangerous objects from entering. They do this without eyes or a nervous system at all, relying instead on individual cells. Some species can even send electrical signals throughout their bodies to coordinate a reaction. In this process, they expel the harmful debris in mucusy balls, very similar to how humans sneeze." + ] + }, + "ott": "67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Sneezing video", + "template_data": { + "title": "Sneezing Video", + "window_text": [ + "In the video below, watch as Chelonaplysilla noevus sneezes! This is the species highlighted in OneZoom as well." + ], + "media": [ + "https://www.youtube.com/embed/6YSujICoK4M?start=0&end=27" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Chelonaplysilla_noevus=2835986", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Surprisingly animal attribute 3: making a baby sponge", + "template_data": { + "title": "Amazing Ability 3: Making Baby Sponges", + "window_text": [ + "How do essentially non-moving animals reproduce? In the case of sponges, they generally release their sperm (and sometimes eggs) into the water column, also known as broadcast spawning. Then, the goal is for another sponge to absorb them, then send them to their reproductive cells in the mesohyl. Interestingly, most sponges are hermaphrodites, with some species switching between producing sperm and egg cells depending on what they sense in the water column. This is only method one of sponge reproduction, as they also reproduce through three separate asexual methods: budding, gemmule formation, and fragmentation." + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Sexual reproduction video", + "template_data": { + "title": "Sexual Reproduction", + "window_text": [ + "Here's a video of what sponge sexual reproduction looks like! This sponge is sending sperm cells into the water column in real time. In OneZoom, you are currently focused on the sponge in the video: the yellow tube sponge." + ], + "media": [ + "https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y_IqJUkhIjs?start=10&end=30" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Aplysina_fistularis=439207", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Budding", + "template_data": { + "title": "Budding", + "window_text": [ + "While budding, a sponge grows a mini copy of itself directly out of its body. It then splits off and forms a genetically identical copy of its parent. This is useful for colonizing a large area quickly, increasing the odds that one of the copies will find a mate. The logic is this: if your clone finds love, then you've practically found love too. The image below shows a few Callyspongia aculeata sponges. At least two of them are in the middle of budding. This is also the species that you can see in OneZoom right now!" + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Large_sponge_group_(50670094043).jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Callyspongia_aculeata=2834459", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Gemmules", + "template_data": { + "title": "Gemmules", + "window_text": [ + "Some species can also grow their offspring internally, based on the conditions of the environment. They make tiny escape capsules called gemmules, which are tiny balls of baby sponge inside a protective coat. The baby sponges can then emerge from their pods when the environment is favorable again. The gemmules in the image below are those of Spongilla lacustris, which you can also see in OneZoom right now." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gemmules_a2.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Spongilla_lacustris=588761", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Fragmentation", + "template_data": { + "title": "Amazing Ability 4: Regeneration", + "window_text": [ + "Sponges are masters of regeneration. Thus, when a strong current breaks one up, or a predator goes for a nibble, the multiple pieces that break off can all regenerate into separate organisms. This is fragmentation: accidentally turning one sponge into multiple. As a result, you can throw a sponge through a sieve, and it can still rebuild itself on the other side (as long as you give it some water)!" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Regeneration video", + "template_data": { + "title": "Regeneration Video", + "window_text": [ + "Watch as a sponge rebuilds itself after being put through a literal sieve!" + ], + "media": [ + "https://www.youtube.com/embed/ORV3qV8GFF4?start=30" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Conclusion", + "template_data": { + "title": "Conclusion", + "window_text": [ + "By collecting just a few cell types, we have seen how sponges eat, rebuild, defend themselves, move, sneeze, and reproduce without any organs at all! Their cells have superpowers that make sponges some of the hardiest organisms on the entire planet!" + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Large_sponge_group_(50670094043).jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + } + ] +} diff --git a/spongediversity.json b/spongediversity.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01d460e --- /dev/null +++ b/spongediversity.json @@ -0,0 +1,219 @@ +{ + "identifier": "spongediversity", + "title": "Sponge Diversity", + "description": "A tour of the diversity of sponges, including many fascinating and unique species.", + "author": "Josh Sensiba", + "license": "cc-by-4.0", + "image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sponges_in_Caribbean_Sea,_Cayman_Islands.jpg", + "tourstops": [ + { + "identifier": "stop_1", + "template_data": { + "title": "Intro", + "window_text": [ + "How many species of sponge do you think there are?" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Eukaryota=304358" + }, + { + "identifier": "Intro", + "template_data": { + "title": "So Many Sponges", + "window_text": [ + "There are more sponge species than mammal species! Every mammal that you can think of, from goats to red kangaroos to horses to humans to blue whales, can have a sponge species mapped onto it (with extras left over). They are divided into four classes, shown in OneZoom as four colored paths. In this tour, we'll explore all four, along with zooming in to some amazing species." + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#f0e442@Porifera=67819@Calcarea=161887&highlight=fan:#f0e442@Calcarea=161887&highlight=path:#cc79a7@Porifera=67819@Homoscleromorpha=519088&highlight=fan:#cc79a7@Homoscleromorpha=519088&highlight=path:#0072b2@Porifera=67819@Hexactinellida=1007159&highlight=fan:#0072b2@Hexactinellida=1007159&highlight=path:#009e73@Porifera=67819@Demospongiae=67816&highlight=fan:#009e73@Demospongiae=67816", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Calcarea", + "template_data": { + "title": "Calcarea", + "window_text": [ + "Calcareous sponges, seen here at the base of the OneZoom sponge tree, have calcium carbonate spikes (known as spicules) that grow out of their bodies for reinforcement and protection. This is the main ingredient in antacids like TUMS and Rennies. Instead of using it for stomach acid, sponges use it to inflict pain on anything that wants to nibble them. Another trait of the group is their relatively simple spicules. They branch off into 1-4 pointy rays. OneZoom now has paths leading to all of the sponges shown in the image below. Feel free to zoom into each of them before hitting \"Resume\" to continue the tour." + ], + "media": [ + "sponges/labeled_Calcareous_sponges.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Calcarea=161887", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#c3cbdb@Porifera=67819@Guancha_lacunosa=433862&highlight=path:#c9b879@Porifera=67819@Sycon_ciliatum=684951&highlight=path:#009e73@Porifera=67819@Clathrina_rubra=2841724&highlight=path:#cc79a7@Porifera=67819@Petrobiona_massiliana=965632", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Interesting species 1: lemon sponge (Leucetta chagosensis)", + "template_data": { + "title": "Cool Species 1: Lemon Sponge", + "window_text": [ + "You might think all sponges are tube-shaped, but lemon sponges are not remotely tubey at all! Instead of growing vertically, they spread across rock like melted cheese. This is called an \"encrusting\" sponge. Many sponges do this, opting to just grow in whatever direction they want along the substrate, instead of growing vertically. This shows off the complete lack of symmetry sponges can have. Their environment can completely change how they grow and what they look like." + ], + "media": [ + "imgsrc:2:18" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Leucetta_chagosensis=918964", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Homoscleromorpha", + "template_data": { + "title": "Homoscleromorpha", + "window_text": [ + "Homoscleromorpha is the smallest and newest sponge class, with only 150 species. Most are thin, encrusting sponges that can be found in caves and other shaded areas. They have some of the smallest spicules of any sponge, with some species even losing them entirely. When they do have spicules, they can fit entirely on the tip of a human hair! Their spicules are made of silica, the same stuff in glass. The image below shows the delightfully named \"flesh sponge.\" You can also find this sponge by following the colored path in OneZoom." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oscarella_lobularis_(Schmidt,_1862).jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Homoscleromorpha=519088", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#0072b2@Homoscleromorpha=519088@Oscarella_lobularis=7587", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Glass sponges (Hexactinellida)", + "template_data": { + "title": "Glass Sponges", + "window_text": [ + "There are around 600 species of glass sponges (Hexactinellid sponges), and as you may have guessed by their name, their spicules are made of silica. Their spicules normally have six points that can come together to form gorgeous lattice patterns that look like they belong in a cathedral instead of on an animal. Some can send electrical signals throughout their bodies, causing quick responses in times of danger." + ], + "media": [ + "https://www.youtube.com/embed/oYmSbMdwAHc?start=74&end=137" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Hexactinellida=1007159", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Interesting species 2: Monorhaphis chuni", + "template_data": { + "title": "Cool Species 2: Monorhaphis chuni", + "window_text": [ + "Monorhaphis chuni spends its life sitting on a massive stalk that can grow to 3 m (9.8 ft) long! This is one spicule, that's evolved to be absurdly enormous, and props the sponge in better-flowing water. This giant spicule has rings like a tree trunk, telling biologists how old the sponge is. One 2018 study found a specimen that was 18,000 (+ or - 1,000) years old! This would make it the oldest known individual organism, even older than any single tree! This single specimen not only lived before human civilization began, but it lived before humans started making bread. Almost everything you see around you right now, from the materials making up your walls, the plants outside, and even the very society you live in, are younger than this one sponge." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basal_spicule_of_the_deep-sea_glass_sponge_Monorhaphis_chuni_(cropped).jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Monorhaphis_chuni=925060", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#e69f00@Porifera=67819@Monorhaphis_chuni=925060", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Interesting species 3: Venus' flower basket (Euplectella aspergillum)", + "template_data": { + "title": "Cool Species 3: Venus' Flower Basket", + "window_text": [ + "Venus' flower baskets are known for their mesmerisingly beautiful skeletons. This is due to their spicules interlocking as they grow to make a really strong skeleton. They are sturdier (pound for pound) than many man-made materials like fiber-optic cables!" + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euplectella_aspergillum_Okeanos.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Euplectella_aspergillum=164229", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Interesting species 4: E.T. sponge (Advhena magnifica)", + "template_data": { + "title": "Cool Species 4: E.T. Sponge", + "window_text": [ + "With its two giant holes, it's no wonder that people compare this sponge to E.T. Its ghostly complexion, along with its empty eye sockets, could make it an appropriate enemy in a horror game. Due to only being described in 2020, they are not on OneZoom yet. The part of the tree you are looking at now is the subfamily they're a part of: Bolosominae." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Advhena_magnifica_prior_to_being_collected_2016.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Bolosominae=5664756", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "E.T. sponge spicules", + "template_data": { + "title": "E.T. Sponge Spicules", + "window_text": [ + "The E.T. sponge is not only notable due to its crazy appearance, but also due to its spicules. The image below shows how incredibly elaborate some of its spicules are in shape, including flowerlike protrusions and fingers. What shapes can you find?" + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Advhena_magnifica_(10.7717-peerj.9431)_Figure_9.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Bolosominae=5664756", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Demospongiae", + "template_data": { + "title": "Demospongiae (Horny Sponges)", + "window_text": [ + "Demosponges (\"horny sponges\" in OneZoom) are by far the most common class of sponges, having around 90% of all species. They make something called spongin, which reinforces their gooey interior. Their spicules are made of silica, like those of glass sponges and Homoscleromorph sponges. They are incredibly diverse, with some turning to absurd lifestyles, including some carnivorous sponges. Yes, these essentially immobile creatures with no nervous system can hunt food." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sponges_in_Caribbean_Sea,_Cayman_Islands.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Demospongiae=67816", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#009e73@Porifera=67819@Demospongiae=67816&highlight=fan:#009e73@Demospongiae=67816", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Carnivorous Sponges", + "template_data": { + "title": "Carnivorous Sponges", + "window_text": [ + "How can a sponge be carnivorous without eyes, a brain, or arms? Their spicules are shaped like fishing hooks instead of just being straight points. If a small shrimp happens to bump into these spikes, they end up getting stuck. Then, the sponge digests the creature externally and absorbs the nutrients. This completely alien lifestyle has pushed these sponges to look completely out of this world, as seen by the carnivorous sponge in the image below. In OneZoom now, you see Cladorhizidae, the family best known for predatory sponges." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnivorous_sponge_Puerto_Rico_April_2015.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Cladorhizidae=1016446", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Interesting species 5: lyre sponge (Chondrocladia lyra)", + "template_data": { + "title": "Cool Species 5+6: Lyre & Ping-Pong Tree Sponges", + "window_text": [ + "The lyre sponge (pic 1) spreads out like a deep-sea harp, with \"arms\" ending in spiky balls. These balls are connected by mesohyl, allowing digestive cells to move where prey has been caught. Another carnivorous sponge, the ping-pong tree sponge (pic 2), has larger spiky death balls all coming from one stalk. It is not in OneZoom, but the lyre sponge (Chondrocladia lyra) is. Can you find it in the tree?" + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Esponja-harpa.jpg", + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chondrocladia_lampadiglobus.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@_ancestor=4939309=2837819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Interesting species 7: giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta)", + "template_data": { + "title": "Cool Species 7: Giant Barrel Sponge", + "window_text": [ + "The largest described sponges are also demosponges. The giant barrel sponge, the largest described species, can fit an entire person inside it! It can be up to 1.8 meters (6 ft) tall and 1.8 meters (6 ft) in diameter!" + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PawlikUW2.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Xestospongia_muta=880230", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Conclusion", + "template_data": { + "title": "Conclusion", + "window_text": [ + "From carnivory to filter feeding, sponges fill so many different roles in their environments. They also look wildly different, with some being barrel-shaped, others being stalked, and others simply looking like melted asymmetrical cheese." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Large_sponge_group_(50670094043).jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + } + ] +} diff --git a/spongeecology.json b/spongeecology.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4498c54 --- /dev/null +++ b/spongeecology.json @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +{ + "identifier": "spongeecology", + "title": "Sponge Ecology", + "description": "A tour into sponges and their role for the rest of the world!", + "author": "Josh Sensiba", + "license": "cc-by-4.0", + "image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shrimp_on_glass_sponge_Mona_Passage_15_April_2015.png", + "tourstops": [ + { + "identifier": "Sponges and the world", + "template_data": { + "title": "Sponges and the World", + "window_text": [ + "Sponges may look like blobs glued to rocks, but they are actually some of the most important organisms in the entire ocean! Entire ecosystems are built on their backs (even though they don't even have backs). They are master filterers, homebuilders, and cancer fighters. Let's learn more about the complex relationships they have with the world!" + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aplysina_archeri_(Stove-pipe_Sponge-pink_variation).jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Filtration potential", + "template_data": { + "title": "Filtration Potential", + "window_text": [ + "Sponges pump water through their bodies, filtering out tiny food particles from the water column. Thus, they are one of the ocean's best filtration systems. They can filter up to 900 times their body volume every single hour. If a human were able to process this much water, they would be able to fill up the average swimming pool to the brim once per hour. It would take under 2 days for that one person to filter an entire Olympic swimming pool!" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "stop_1", + "template_data": { + "title": "Filter Video", + "window_text": [ + "This video shows a group of brown tube sponges being insane filterers! You can also see them in OneZoom." + ], + "media": [ + "https://www.youtube.com/embed/pTZ211cIjX8?start=51&end=71" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Agelas_conifera=298914" + }, + { + "identifier": "Sponge microbiome", + "template_data": { + "title": "Sponge Microbiome", + "window_text": [ + "In some cases, over 30% of the total mass of a sponge is just microbes that live on or inside of it. They are a home for all kinds of bacteria, viruses, and archaea. These microbes help sponges break down and process food, provide the sponge with carbon and nitrogen, and prevent dangerous substances from entering the sponge. They are common homes for all kinds of organisms, even some multicellular ones." + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Sponge homes", + "template_data": { + "title": "Sponge Homes", + "window_text": [ + "Sponges grow tiny defensive spikes called spicules. They can also produce toxic chemicals to scare off predators. These things combine to make them a fortress for smaller animals, such as shrimp, worms, and brittle stars. They are prime real estate for vulnerable ocean critters. In the picture below, you can see a shrimp species giving the camera a tour of its glass sponge home. If you follow the colored path in OneZoom, you can travel from the Venus' flower basket to one of these shrimp groups. How fast can you travel from one to the other?" + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shrimp_on_glass_sponge_Mona_Passage_15_April_2015.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Euplectella_aspergillum=164229", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#8282f7@Metazoa=691846@Euplectella_aspergillum=164229&highlight=path:#8282f7@Metazoa=691846@Spongicolidae=944612", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "stop_2", + "template_data": { + "title": "Sponge Shrimps", + "window_text": [ + "In case you didn't make it, here they are!" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Spongicolidae=944612" + }, + { + "identifier": "Sponge crabs", + "template_data": { + "title": "Sponge Crabs", + "window_text": [ + "Sponges also make great hats, apparently! Sponge crabs are a diverse group of crabs that literally uproot and wear sponges for protection. This is beneficial to the sponge as well, as it gets free transportation all over the place. The group you see on OneZoom now, Dromia, has some of these very dapper crabs." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sponge_Crab_(Dromia_sp.)_(6082716840).jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Dromia=32429", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Sponge reefs", + "template_data": { + "title": "Sponge Reefs", + "window_text": [ + "You've heard of coral reefs, but have you heard of sponge reefs? Sponge reefs have only been found off the western coast of North America, and are found in much colder and deeper environments than coral reefs. They also support completely different animals, such as crabs, nudibranchs, flatfish, and rockfish. The cloud sponge, the species you're seeing on OneZoom, and in the picture below, is one of the primary builders of these communities." + ], + "media": [ + "imgsrc:99:27718010" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Aphrocallistes_vastus=823199", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Sponges and cancer", + "template_data": { + "title": "Sponges and Cancer", + "window_text": [ + "Sponges are very cancer-resistant in comparison to other animals. One species, Tethya wilhelma (seen in OneZoom), can survive being exposed to 100 times the lethal dose of radiation for humans. This resilience is not only useful to sponges, but also useful to us. We have created multiple cancer drugs from compounds isolated in sponges! For example, Cytarabine, a leukemia drug, and Eribulin, a breast cancer drug, have been synthesized from sponge chemicals. Compounds like Discodermolide have been shown to be promising for cancer treatment as well, but have not entered the market yet." + ], + "media": [ + "imgsrc:20:161655556" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Tethya_wilhelma=835082", + "transition_in": "leap", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "The value of sponges", + "template_data": { + "title": "The Value of Sponges", + "window_text": [ + "Sponges are the oceans' fortresses. They offer shelter for diverse groups, provide clean water at impressive rates, and even make cancer-fighting compounds that we can use. This reveals an important element of biology: never judge something based on how it looks. The organisms we deem as less interesting could be the same exact organisms that fight our cancers, help teach us new building methods, and provide homes for other animals we might love." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sponges_in_Caribbean_Sea,_Cayman_Islands.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Porifera=67819", + "transition_in": "leap", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + } + ] +} diff --git a/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled1.md b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a96f74 --- /dev/null +++ b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled1.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +[![Porifera Cell Types with 1 Label](Porifera_cell_types_labeled1.png)] + +* Source of Porifera cell types image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porifera_cell_types_01.png +* The original was uploaded on October 30, 2008 by Wikimedia Commons user Philcha. +* The image is dedicated to the public domain under CC0. +* The image was adapted by OneZoom content creators by inserting two black arrows, and a archaeocyte arrow and label marked in yellow. Additionally, a watery backdrop has been inserted to demarcate the outside of the sponge from the inside. +* Source of the water backdrop: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-blue-pool-with-clear-blue-water-RisKqQIPb1Q +* The original water photo was uploaded on April 23, 2023 by Unsplash user Andy Quezada. +* The image is dedicated to the public domain under the Unsplash+ License, which allows for unlimited commercial and non-commercial purposes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled1.png b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..adfb8ff Binary files /dev/null and b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled1.png differ diff --git a/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled2.md b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30b16e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled2.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +[![Porifera Cell Types with Choanocyte and Sclerocyte Labels](Porifera_cell_types_labeled2.png)] + +* Source of Porifera cell types image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porifera_cell_types_01.png +* The original was uploaded on October 30, 2008 by Wikimedia Commons user Philcha. +* The image is dedicated to the public domain under CC0. +* The image was adapted by OneZoom content creators by inserting one black arrow, and two colored labels with the following labels: "Choanocyte" and "Sclerocyte." Additionally, a watery backdrop has been inserted to demarcate the outside of the sponge from the inside. +* Source of the water backdrop: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-blue-pool-with-clear-blue-water-RisKqQIPb1Q +* The original water photo was uploaded on April 23, 2023 by Unsplash user Andy Quezada. +* The image is dedicated to the public domain under the Unsplash+ License, which allows for unlimited commercial and non-commercial purposes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled2.png b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled2.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea024bd Binary files /dev/null and b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled2.png differ diff --git a/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled3.md b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled3.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..609fb8d --- /dev/null +++ b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled3.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +[![Porifera Cell Types with Choanocyte, Archaeocyte, and Sclerocyte Labels](Porifera_cell_types_labeled3.png)] + +* Source of Porifera cell types image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porifera_cell_types_01.png +* The original was uploaded on October 30, 2008 by Wikimedia Commons user Philcha. +* The image is dedicated to the public domain under CC0. +* The image was adapted by OneZoom content creators by inserting three colored arrows with the following labels: "Choanocyte," "Archaeocyte," and "Sclerocyte." Additionally, a watery backdrop has been inserted to demarcate the outside of the sponge from the inside. +* Source of the water backdrop: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-blue-pool-with-clear-blue-water-RisKqQIPb1Q +* The original water photo was uploaded on April 23, 2023 by Unsplash user Andy Quezada. +* The image is dedicated to the public domain under the Unsplash+ License, which allows for unlimited commercial and non-commercial purposes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled3.png b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled3.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..960d1f3 Binary files /dev/null and b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled3.png differ diff --git a/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled4.md b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled4.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ae5a87 --- /dev/null +++ b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled4.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +[![Porifera Cell Types with Choanocyte, Lophocyte, Oocyte, Archaeocyte, and Sclerocyte Labels](Porifera_cell_types_labeled4.png)] + +* Source of Porifera cell types image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porifera_cell_types_01.png +* The original was uploaded on October 30, 2008 by Wikimedia Commons user Philcha. +* The image is dedicated to the public domain under CC0. +* The image was adapted by OneZoom content creators by inserting five colored arrows, with the following labels: "Choanocyte," "Lophocyte," "Oocyte," "Archaeocyte," and "Sclerocyte." Additionally, a watery backdrop has been inserted to demarcate the outside of the sponge from the inside. +* Source of the water backdrop: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-blue-pool-with-clear-blue-water-RisKqQIPb1Q +* The original water photo was uploaded on April 23, 2023 by Unsplash user Andy Quezada. +* The image is dedicated to the public domain under the Unsplash+ License, which allows for unlimited commercial and non-commercial purposes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled4.png b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled4.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cb634a Binary files /dev/null and b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_labeled4.png differ diff --git a/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_unlabeled.md b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_unlabeled.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c05aab --- /dev/null +++ b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_unlabeled.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +[![Porifera Cell Types Unlabeled](Porifera_cell_types_unlabeled.png)] + +* Source of Porifera cell types image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Porifera_cell_types_01.png +* The original was uploaded on October 30, 2008 by Wikimedia Commons user Philcha. +* The image is dedicated to the public domain under CC0. +* The image was adapted by OneZoom content creators by inserting three black arrows, matching up with the four colored paths depicted on OneZoom. Additionally, a watery backdrop has been inserted to demarcate the outside of the sponge from the inside. +* Source of the water backdrop: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-blue-pool-with-clear-blue-water-RisKqQIPb1Q +* The original water photo was uploaded on April 23, 2023 by Unsplash user Andy Quezada. +* The image is dedicated to the public domain under the Unsplash+ License, which allows for unlimited commercial and non-commercial purposes. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_unlabeled.png b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_unlabeled.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f7def4 Binary files /dev/null and b/sponges/Porifera_cell_types_unlabeled.png differ diff --git a/sponges/Sources.txt b/sponges/Sources.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/sponges/labeled_Calcareous_sponges.md b/sponges/labeled_Calcareous_sponges.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1015bfa --- /dev/null +++ b/sponges/labeled_Calcareous_sponges.md @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +[![Calcareous Sponge Spicules](labeled_Calcareous_sponges.png)] + +* Source of Calcareous sponge spicules image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Calcarea_diversity.png +* The original uploader was Van Soest et al., the team behind the 2012 study "Global Diversity of Sponges (Porifera)" (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035105) +* The image is licensed to the public under CC-BY-2.5. +* The image was adapted by OneZoom content creators by inserting five colored arrows, aligned with colors tracing paths leading to the species on OneZoom. Labels have been inserted to describe the species represented in the image. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sponges/labeled_Calcareous_sponges.png b/sponges/labeled_Calcareous_sponges.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb4148c Binary files /dev/null and b/sponges/labeled_Calcareous_sponges.png differ diff --git a/sponges/labeled_Cayman_Islands_sponges.md b/sponges/labeled_Cayman_Islands_sponges.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f884ca --- /dev/null +++ b/sponges/labeled_Cayman_Islands_sponges.md @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +[![Cayman Island Sponges](labeled_Cayman_Islands_sponges.png)] + +* Source of Cayman Island sponge image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sponges_in_Caribbean_Sea,_Cayman_Islands.jpg +* The original uploader was the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, through the Twilight Zone Expedition Team's May 23, 2007 exploration. +* The image is dedicated to the public domain under CC0. +* The image was adapted by OneZoom content creators by inserting four colored arrows, matching up with the four colored paths depicted on OneZoom. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sponges/labeled_Cayman_Islands_sponges.png b/sponges/labeled_Cayman_Islands_sponges.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e15cc1b Binary files /dev/null and b/sponges/labeled_Cayman_Islands_sponges.png differ diff --git a/worldofmoles.json b/worldofmoles.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0d171d --- /dev/null +++ b/worldofmoles.json @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +{ + "identifier": "worldofmoles", + "title": "World of Moles", + "description": "A tour of completely unrelated animals that all independently became moles.", + "author": "Josh Sensiba", + "license": "cc-by-4.0", + "image_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Close-up_of_mole.jpg", + "tourstops": [ + { + "identifier": "Intro", + "template_data": { + "title": "Moles Everywhere", + "window_text": [ + "What do a mammal from Europe, two African rodents, a shiny mammal from Africa, a marsupial, a lizard, a cricket, and a crab have in common? Evolution looked at all of them and decided they should be moles. They're separated by hundreds of millions of years of evolution, but they all converged on similar body plans. They faced the same problem: how do you live most of your life underground? The colored paths on OneZoom lead to eight completely separate attempts at solving that problem. Throughout this tour, we will find out why evolution keeps making moles. Every colored path in front of you leads to a different group that we will talk about today. Feel free to explore the tree to get an idea of our journey, or just dive right in by continuing the tour." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Close-up_of_mole.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@_ancestor=147604=189832", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#f0e442@_ancestor=147604=189832@Talpidae=222358&highlight=fan:#f0e442@Talpidae=222358&highlight=path:#cc79a7@_ancestor=147604=189832@=118542&highlight=fan:#cc79a7@_ancestor=118526=118546&highlight=path:#9467bd@_ancestor=147604=189832@Heterocephalus_glaber=1048195&highlight=path:#0072b2@_ancestor=147604=189832@CHRYSOCHLORIDAE=54168&highlight=fan:#0072b2@CHRYSOCHLORIDAE=54168&highlight=path:#009e73@_ancestor=147604=189832@NOTORYCTEMORPHIA=852222&highlight=fan:#009e73@NOTORYCTEMORPHIA=852222&highlight=path:#d55e00@_ancestor=147604=189832@Amphisbaenia=690599&highlight=fan:#d55e00@Amphisbaenia=690599&highlight=path:#56b4e9@_ancestor=147604=189832@Gryllotalpidae=202336&highlight=fan:#56b4e9@Gryllotalpidae=202336&highlight=path:#e69f00@_ancestor=147604=189832@Albuneidae=1016530&highlight=fan:#e69f00@Albuneidae=1016530", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "The mole blueprint", + "template_data": { + "title": "What is a Mole?", + "window_text": [ + "When living underground, there are a ton of differences that need to be adapted to. For example, sunlight just... isn't a thing. As a matter of fact, the entire concept of seeing things is irrelevant. Animals that adapt to life underground tend to do away with eyes and ears, and develop long, tubelike bodies. Additionally, some part of their body at the front becomes shovel-shaped. Touch, smell, and sensing vibrations are their most important and well-developed senses. This is convergent evolution, unrelated organisms independently arriving at similar traits because they are in similar conditions." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Talpa_europaea_MHNT_Tete.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@_ancestor=147604=189832", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "True moles", + "template_data": { + "title": "The True Moles", + "window_text": [ + "True moles belong to the family Talpidae. They are relatives of hedgehogs and shrews. The most specialized species have front limbs that look like massive shovels. They use their massive shovel hands, along with powerful arm muscles, to quickly power through dirt. Their eyes only detect light and their ears are covered by skin. Their snouts are highly sensitive and very pointy, and they have a tubelike body for squeezing through tight tunnels." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Talpidae_family_pictures.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "222358", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#f0e442@_ancestor=147604=189832@Talpidae=222358&highlight=fan:#f0e442@Talpidae=222358", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "stop_1", + "template_data": { + "title": "True Mole Tunneling", + "window_text": [ + "In the video below, you can see the eastern mole, Scalopus aquaticus, and its incredibly pointy nose and amazing tunneling ability." + ], + "media": [ + "https://www.youtube.com/embed/_5u65moIxJY" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Scalopus_aquaticus=1088414" + }, + { + "identifier": "Mole-rats", + "template_data": { + "title": "(Furry) Mole-rats", + "window_text": [ + "The closest mole impersonators in this tour are the mole-rats. They are rodents, making them closer to mice, guinea pigs, and porcupines than to true moles. In terms of their behavior, it's extremely molelike. They spend their lives tunneling through dirt. Amazingly, as you can probably guess from the picture, mole-rats dig with their teeth! Instead of using their arms, they scoop up sediment with their shovely pairs of teeth. They independently evolved the tiny eyes, missing ears, powerful front end, and tubelike body of other moles." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Damaraland_mole-rat.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@_ancestor=118526=118546", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#cc79a7@_ancestor=147604=189832@_ancestor=118526=118546&highlight=fan:#cc79a7@_ancestor=118526=118546", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Naked mole-rats", + "template_data": { + "title": "Naked Mole-rats", + "window_text": [ + "Naked mole-rats are part of a separate family from the other mole-rats. They are sister groups; however, they adapted to life underground in completely different ways from any other mole-rat. They live in massive colonies, in which there is a breeding queen and multiple social roles. Yes, they literally have a queen. Socially, they resemble ants, bees, and termites more than they do other mammals! This is called eusociality, and it has evolved in only a few animal groups. They also have heavily wrinkled, hairless bodies, hence their very creative name. Like other mole-rats, they dig using their massive, spoonlike teeth." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Webs180130-rat.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Heterocephalus_glaber=1048195", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#9467bd@_ancestor=147604=189832@Heterocephalus_glaber=1048195", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Golden moles", + "template_data": { + "title": "Golden Moles", + "window_text": [ + "Golden moles look identical to true moles, until you take a closer look. Three traits you might notice from the image below are that they tend to have wider noses, smaller hands, and a golden body. Other than these, they appear essentially identical to true moles in how they behave and look. They have the extremely pointy nose, the lack of external eyes or ears, and the same tubelike body. Believe it or not, these guys are more closely related to elephants than they are to either true moles or mole-rats! Some features they share with elephants, and don't share with true moles, are internal testes and an insane resistance to drought. Additionally, the way they dig is completely unique, as they use their thick nose to plow through sand, with their hands supporting the process." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Juliana’s_golden_mole_is_one_of_Africa’s_most_threatened_mammals_Jackson.png" + ] + }, + "ott": "@CHRYSOCHLORIDAE=54168", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#cc79a7@_ancestor=147604=189832@CHRYSOCHLORIDAE=54168&highlight=fan:#cc79a7@CHRYSOCHLORIDAE=54168", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Marsupial moles", + "template_data": { + "title": "Marsupial Moles", + "window_text": [ + "Australia saw the mole design and decided it needed one too. Marsupial moles are more closely related to kangaroos and koalas than to any group we've talked about. They move through loose sand using two enormous claws on each front foot, while a large nose shield protects their face. Their eyes and ears are reduced beneath the skin, like with true moles. Because they are marsupials, they have some really unique traits from other moles, such as a pouch (in the females)! But even their pouch is adapted for underground life, as it opens backwards. This is extremely useful when your daily schedule involves aggressively swimming through sand." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V40_D672_The_new_mammal_notoryctes_typhlops.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@NOTORYCTEMORPHIA=852222", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#009e73@=117569@=852222&highlight=fan:#009e73@=852222", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Worm lizards", + "template_data": { + "title": "Worm Lizards", + "window_text": [ + "Mammals are just one group in the massive tree of life, but no animal group is safe from moleification! Worm lizards, or amphisbaenians, are an example of how even reptiles can develop molelike traits. Instead of using shovel hands or powerful noses, they use their entire body as a shovel. They have a pointy head and a snakelike, elongated body, allowing them to push through soil using everything. The most moley clade is the genus Bipes (shown in the picture below and in OneZoom). They actually have tiny hands at the front of their bodies, serving as shovels to assist in their tunneling! If you zoom out on OneZoom, all amphisbaenians are highlighted. How does Bipes differ from all of the other ones you can see? They are all limbless!" + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bipes_biporus1.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Bipedidae=690598", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#d55e00@_ancestor=147604=189832@Amphisbaenia=690599&highlight=fan:#d55e00@Amphisbaenia=690599", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Mole crickets", + "template_data": { + "title": "Mole Crickets", + "window_text": [ + "The next group we're going to talk about last shared a common ancestor with true moles over 550 million years ago! Mammals and reptiles are not alone in adopting the mole form. Mole crickets are crickets with front legs that look like spiked shovels. Additionally, they have tubular bodies and spend most of their lives making elaborate underground tunnel networks. Interestingly, they maintain some major traits of other crickets, such as relying on sound to attract mates. The males will even form their burrows in a way that amplifies the sound of their calls to the outside world. Their tunnels literally come with free music. I'm sorry to the true moles out there, but mole crickets definitely have cooler tunnels." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mole_cricket02.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Gryllotalpidae=202336", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#0072b2@_ancestor=147604=189832@Gryllotalpidae=202336&highlight=fan:#0072b2@Gryllotalpidae=202336", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Mole crabs", + "template_data": { + "title": "Mole Crabs", + "window_text": [ + "Mole crabs, our final group, are neither moles nor crabs. They are master imitators. They share many traits with every other animal we've talked about on this tour, such as a tubelike body and shovelly claws. They have many fundamental differences too. They tunnel into the sand backwards instead of forwards. Instead of making elaborate tunnels, they quickly burrow right below the surface, then filter feed using feathery antennae. The mole design even works underwater." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emeritaanaloga.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "@Hippoidea=888279", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#e69f00@_ancestor=147604=189832@Hippoidea=888279&highlight=fan:#e69f00@Hippoidea=888279", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + }, + { + "identifier": "Conclusion", + "template_data": { + "title": "So Many Moles", + "window_text": [ + "The general mole shape is highly effective for underground life. Whether creatures are in deserts, forests, or even underwater, being underground is an amazingly safe and effective niche. The animals we have seen on this tour are separated by over 550 million years in some instances, but converged on the classic tubelike body, reduced eyes and ears, and shovel appendages of moles. Evolution doesn't plan ahead, but when the same challenge appears over and over again, it can produce results that look very familiar. On OneZoom, their paths are scattered across the animal tree. In the dirt, they're all united by looking like moles." + ], + "media": [ + "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Close-up_of_mole.jpg" + ] + }, + "ott": "117569", + "qs_opts": "?highlight=path:#f0e442@_ancestor=147604=189832@Talpidae=222358&highlight=fan:#f0e442@Talpidae=222358&highlight=path:#cc79a7@_ancestor=147604=189832@=118542&highlight=fan:#cc79a7@_ancestor=118526=118546&highlight=path:#9467bd@_ancestor=147604=189832@Heterocephalus_glaber=1048195&highlight=path:#0072b2@_ancestor=147604=189832@CHRYSOCHLORIDAE=54168&highlight=fan:#0072b2@CHRYSOCHLORIDAE=54168&highlight=path:#009e73@_ancestor=147604=189832@NOTORYCTEMORPHIA=852222&highlight=fan:#009e73@NOTORYCTEMORPHIA=852222&highlight=path:#d55e00@_ancestor=147604=189832@Amphisbaenia=690599&highlight=fan:#d55e00@Amphisbaenia=690599&highlight=path:#56b4e9@_ancestor=147604=189832@Gryllotalpidae=202336&highlight=fan:#56b4e9@Gryllotalpidae=202336&highlight=path:#e69f00@_ancestor=147604=189832@Albuneidae=1016530&highlight=fan:#e69f00@Albuneidae=1016530", + "fly_in_speed": 0.8 + } + ] +}