diff --git a/.github/workflows/performance.yml b/.github/workflows/performance.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..948c223a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/performance.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+name: Performance
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [main]
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+
+jobs:
+  lighthouse:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      NEXT_PUBLIC_STELLAR_NETWORK: ${{ secrets.NEXT_PUBLIC_STELLAR_NETWORK }}
+      NEXT_PUBLIC_CONTRACT_ID: ${{ secrets.NEXT_PUBLIC_CONTRACT_ID }}
+      NEXT_PUBLIC_RPC_URL: ${{ secrets.NEXT_PUBLIC_RPC_URL }}
+      NEXT_PUBLIC_USDC_ADDRESS: ${{ secrets.NEXT_PUBLIC_USDC_ADDRESS }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: "20"
+          cache: "npm"
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: npm run build
+
+      - name: Run Lighthouse CI against performance budgets
+        run: npx --yes @lhci/cli@0.14.x autorun
diff --git a/.github/workflows/unit-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/unit-tests.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..008443ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/unit-tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+name: Unit Tests
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [main]
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+
+jobs:
+  vitest:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: "20"
+          cache: "npm"
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+
+      - name: Run unit + snapshot tests
+        run: npx vitest run --ci
diff --git a/docs/ACCESSIBILITY.md b/docs/ACCESSIBILITY.md
index e82b2510..7731f81b 100644
--- a/docs/ACCESSIBILITY.md
+++ b/docs/ACCESSIBILITY.md
@@ -53,6 +53,48 @@ The initial audit surfaced the following categories of critical/serious violatio
 - **Browser coverage locally vs. CI.** A fresh dev sandbox may only have the Chromium Playwright browser installed. CI installs Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit via `npx playwright install --with-deps`, so the merge gate is multi-engine even when a local run (`npx playwright test --grep @a11y`) only exercises Chromium.
 - **Moderate/minor axe findings are not gated on.** Only `critical`/`serious` impact violations fail the build, per the acceptance criteria. Any moderate/minor findings surfaced by axe during a run are not currently tracked separately.
 
+## Component-level automated testing
+
+In addition to the page-level Playwright + `@axe-core/playwright` gate
+above, `src/__tests__/a11y/componentA11y.test.tsx` runs `axe-core` directly
+against individual components rendered under jsdom (via Vitest). This is
+faster to run locally (`npm test -- a11y`) and isolates violations to a
+single component rather than a whole page, which is useful for catching
+ARIA/labelling regressions in shared primitives (e.g. `StatusBadge`,
+`Skeleton`) before they ripple into every page that uses them.
+
+## Manual review process
+
+Automated tooling (axe-core) catches a large share of WCAG violations but
+not all of them — contrast on dynamically-rendered custom canvases,
+meaningful reading order, and genuine screen-reader usability all need a
+human pass. The manual review checklist below should be run once per
+release cycle and whenever a new page/flow is added to the audit scope:
+
+1. **Screen reader pass** — navigate each audited route (see Scope above)
+   with VoiceOver (macOS/iOS) or NVDA (Windows), confirm:
+   - Page title and heading structure are announced sensibly on load.
+   - Every interactive element (buttons, links, form fields) has an
+     announced name that matches its visible label or purpose.
+   - Dynamic updates (toasts, status changes, form errors) are announced
+     via `aria-live`/`role="status"`/`role="alert"` rather than silently
+     appearing.
+2. **Keyboard navigation pass** — unplug the mouse and confirm every
+   interactive control is reachable via `Tab`/`Shift+Tab`, has a visible
+   focus indicator, and can be activated with `Enter`/`Space`. Confirm
+   focus order matches visual/reading order and that no keyboard trap
+   exists (a modal's `Escape` always closes it and returns focus to the
+   trigger).
+3. **Color contrast spot-check** — for any new custom-colored UI (badges,
+   charts, illustrations) not already covered by the automated gate, check
+   contrast with a tool such as the browser DevTools contrast checker
+   against the 4.5:1 (normal text) / 3:1 (large text, 18px+ bold or 24px+)
+   thresholds.
+4. **Document findings** — file an issue (or a checklist comment on the PR)
+   for anything found, tag it `a11y`, and link it from this document's
+   "Known limitations" section until fixed. Once fixed, add a short note to
+   the "What was fixed" section above so the audit trail stays complete.
+
 ## Extending the audit
 
 To add a new page to the gate, add an entry to the `PAGES` array in `e2e/a11y.spec.ts` — the shared `runAxe()` helper and assertion are reused automatically. For flows that require user interaction (opening a modal, completing a multi-step form), follow the pattern in the two targeted tests at the bottom of that file: drive the interaction with Playwright, then call `runAxe(page)` and assert on `critical`/`serious` violations.
diff --git a/docs/PERFORMANCE.md b/docs/PERFORMANCE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..affb8250
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/PERFORMANCE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Performance benchmarking and monitoring
+
+## Overview
+
+Performance is tracked at two levels:
+
+1. **Real User Monitoring (RUM)** — Core Web Vitals (LCP, CLS, INP, FCP, TTFB)
+   are collected in production via `src/lib/performanceMonitoring.ts`, wired
+   up from `instrumentation-client.ts`. Metrics are forwarded to Sentry as
+   measurements (`Sentry.setMeasurement`) when `NEXT_PUBLIC_SENTRY_DSN` is
+   configured, giving per-metric trends/dashboards for free in the Sentry
+   Performance UI.
+2. **Synthetic / lab monitoring in CI** — [Lighthouse CI](https://github.com/GoogleChrome/lighthouse-ci)
+   (`.github/workflows/performance.yml`, config in `lighthouserc.json`) runs
+   a production build and audits the home page, dashboard, and new-invoice
+   pages on every PR and on pushes to `main`.
+
+## Baseline metrics / budgets
+
+Budgets mirror the thresholds the Web Vitals program uses for "good" vs
+"needs-improvement" vs "poor", defined in `PERFORMANCE_BUDGETS` in
+`src/lib/performanceMonitoring.ts`:
+
+| Metric | Good | Poor (regression) |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| LCP | ≤ 2500ms | > 4000ms |
+| CLS | ≤ 0.1 | > 0.25 |
+| INP | ≤ 200ms | > 500ms |
+| FCP | ≤ 1800ms | > 3000ms |
+| TTFB | ≤ 800ms | > 1800ms |
+
+Lighthouse CI enforces a parallel, lab-measured set of budgets in
+`lighthouserc.json` (performance score ≥ 0.8, LCP ≤ 4000ms, CLS ≤ 0.25, TBT ≤
+600ms), run 3x per URL and averaged to reduce noise.
+
+## Regression detection
+
+`isRegression(name, value)` in `src/lib/performanceMonitoring.ts` flags any
+RUM metric that crosses its "poor" threshold. In production this triggers a
+`Sentry.captureMessage` warning (tagged with the metric and page path); in
+CI, Lighthouse CI's `assert` block fails the build outright when a budget is
+violated (`error` level assertions) or annotates the PR (`warn` level
+assertions).
+
+## Dashboards
+
+- **Sentry → Performance** shows trends for each Web Vital measurement over
+  time, filterable by release and page path.
+- **Lighthouse CI** uploads a report per run (temporary public storage by
+  default — point `upload.target` at your own LHCI server or Github status
+  check storage for a persistent, shareable trend view).
+
+## Extending
+
+- Add a new RUM metric: extend `MetricName` and `PERFORMANCE_BUDGETS` in
+  `src/lib/performanceMonitoring.ts`, then emit it from
+  `initPerformanceMonitoring()`.
+- Add a new audited route: add its URL to `lighthouserc.json`'s
+  `collect.url` array.
diff --git a/docs/SNAPSHOT_TESTING.md b/docs/SNAPSHOT_TESTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d183f96a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/SNAPSHOT_TESTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Snapshot testing
+
+## Tooling
+
+Snapshot tests use Vitest's built-in `toMatchSnapshot()` (no extra
+dependency needed — Vitest is already the project's unit test runner, see
+`vitest.config.ts`). Snapshots are rendered-DOM snapshots of a component's
+`container` from `@testing-library/react`, consistent with every other
+component test in this repo.
+
+## What's covered
+
+- `src/__tests__/snapshots/StatusBadge.snapshot.test.tsx` — all three sizes
+  plus a custom description.
+- `src/__tests__/snapshots/Skeleton.snapshot.test.tsx` — the base
+  `Skeleton` primitive and the composed `SkeletonCard`.
+
+These two components were chosen as the first snapshot targets because
+they're small, purely presentational, and reused across many pages — making
+them both cheap to snapshot and high-value to protect against accidental
+markup/class changes.
+
+## Running
+
+```bash
+npm test                 # runs all vitest tests, including snapshots
+npx vitest run -u        # update snapshots after an intentional change
+```
+
+The first run of a new snapshot test creates `__snapshots__/*.snap` next to
+the test file — **commit that file**. CI (`.github/workflows/unit-tests.yml`)
+runs `vitest run --ci`, which fails the build if a snapshot is missing or
+stale, so a snapshot update always has to go through a normal commit +
+review, never an uncommitted local artifact.
+
+## Review process
+
+A snapshot diff in a PR is a signal, not an automatic approval or an
+automatic rejection:
+
+1. The reviewer reads the diff in the `.snap` file like any other code diff.
+2. If the change matches the PR's stated intent (e.g. "updated StatusBadge's
+   padding"), approve and merge.
+3. If the change is unexpected, it's almost always an unintended
+   regression — ask the author to investigate before approving, don't just
+   `vitest run -u` it away.
+
+## Avoiding snapshot sprawl
+
+- Snapshot only small, presentational, low-churn components (badges,
+  skeletons, icons) — not entire pages or components with frequently
+  changing business data, which produce noisy diffs that reviewers learn to
+  rubber-stamp.
+- Prefer a behavioral assertion (`getByRole`, `getByText`, etc.) over a
+  snapshot whenever the test is really checking specific behavior rather
+  than "did the markup change at all."
+- When a component is deleted or substantially rewritten, delete its
+  snapshot file in the same PR instead of leaving an orphaned `.snap`.
diff --git a/instrumentation-client.ts b/instrumentation-client.ts
index 4566ad69..e9093169 100644
--- a/instrumentation-client.ts
+++ b/instrumentation-client.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Sentry from "@sentry/nextjs";
+import { initPerformanceMonitoring, onPerformanceMetric, isRegression } from "./src/lib/performanceMonitoring";
 
 const dsn = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SENTRY_DSN;
 
@@ -12,4 +13,21 @@ if (dsn) {
   });
 }
 
+// Core Web Vitals collection + budget-regression reporting (see
+// src/lib/performanceMonitoring.ts and docs/PERFORMANCE.md).
+onPerformanceMetric((metric) => {
+  if (dsn) {
+    Sentry.setMeasurement(metric.name, metric.value, metric.name === "CLS" ? "" : "millisecond");
+  }
+  if (isRegression(metric.name, metric.value)) {
+    if (dsn) {
+      Sentry.captureMessage(`Performance budget regression: ${metric.name}=${metric.value} on ${metric.path}`, "warning");
+    } else if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production") {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+      console.warn(`[perf] budget regression: ${metric.name}=${metric.value} on ${metric.path}`);
+    }
+  }
+});
+initPerformanceMonitoring();
+
 export const onRouterTransitionStart = Sentry.captureRouterTransitionStart;
diff --git a/lighthouserc.json b/lighthouserc.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a0a9a65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lighthouserc.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "ci": {
+    "collect": {
+      "startServerCommand": "npm run start",
+      "startServerReadyPattern": "ready on",
+      "startServerReadyTimeout": 60000,
+      "numberOfRuns": 3,
+      "url": ["http://localhost:3000/", "http://localhost:3000/dashboard", "http://localhost:3000/invoice/new"]
+    },
+    "assert": {
+      "assertions": {
+        "categories:performance": ["warn", { "minScore": 0.8 }],
+        "first-contentful-paint": ["warn", { "maxNumericValue": 3000 }],
+        "largest-contentful-paint": ["error", { "maxNumericValue": 4000 }],
+        "cumulative-layout-shift": ["error", { "maxNumericValue": 0.25 }],
+        "total-blocking-time": ["warn", { "maxNumericValue": 600 }]
+      }
+    },
+    "upload": {
+      "target": "temporary-public-storage"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/__tests__/a11y/componentA11y.test.tsx b/src/__tests__/a11y/componentA11y.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9908f3b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/__tests__/a11y/componentA11y.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import React from "react";
+import { render } from "@testing-library/react";
+import axe from "axe-core";
+import StatusBadge from "@/components/StatusBadge";
+import { Skeleton, SkeletonCard } from "@/components/Skeleton";
+
+/**
+ * Component-level automated accessibility testing.
+ *
+ * Complements the page-level WCAG gate in e2e/a11y.spec.ts (Playwright +
+ * @axe-core/playwright) with fast, isolated axe-core scans of individual
+ * components under jsdom. Catches ARIA/role/labelling regressions in a
+ * single component without needing a full page render or a browser.
+ *
+ * See docs/ACCESSIBILITY.md for the full automated + manual testing process.
+ */
+
+async function expectNoSeriousOrCriticalViolations(container: Element) {
+  const results = await axe.run(container, {
+    runOnly: ["wcag2a", "wcag2aa", "wcag21a", "wcag21aa"],
+  });
+  const seriousOrCritical = results.violations.filter(
+    (v) => v.impact === "critical" || v.impact === "serious"
+  );
+  expect(seriousOrCritical).toEqual([]);
+}
+
+describe("component accessibility (axe-core)", () => {
+  it("StatusBadge has no critical/serious a11y violations", async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<StatusBadge status="Active" />);
+    await expectNoSeriousOrCriticalViolations(container);
+  });
+
+  it("StatusBadge remains accessible for every status variant", async () => {
+    const statuses = ["Pending", "Active", "Funded", "Released", "Refunded", "Disputed", "Frozen", "Archived", "Expired"] as const;
+    for (const status of statuses) {
+      const { container, unmount } = render(<StatusBadge status={status} />);
+      await expectNoSeriousOrCriticalViolations(container);
+      unmount();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("Skeleton primitive has no a11y violations", async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<Skeleton className="h-4 w-24" />);
+    await expectNoSeriousOrCriticalViolations(container);
+  });
+
+  it("SkeletonCard has no a11y violations", async () => {
+    const { container } = render(<SkeletonCard />);
+    await expectNoSeriousOrCriticalViolations(container);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/__tests__/snapshots/Skeleton.snapshot.test.tsx b/src/__tests__/snapshots/Skeleton.snapshot.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a06778c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/__tests__/snapshots/Skeleton.snapshot.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import React from "react";
+import { render } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { Skeleton, SkeletonCard } from "@/components/Skeleton";
+
+describe("Skeleton snapshots", () => {
+  it("renders the base Skeleton primitive", () => {
+    const { container } = render(<Skeleton className="h-4 w-24" />);
+    expect(container).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+
+  it("renders SkeletonCard", () => {
+    const { container } = render(<SkeletonCard />);
+    expect(container).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/__tests__/snapshots/StatusBadge.snapshot.test.tsx b/src/__tests__/snapshots/StatusBadge.snapshot.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75fc1e68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/__tests__/snapshots/StatusBadge.snapshot.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import React from "react";
+import { render } from "@testing-library/react";
+import StatusBadge from "@/components/StatusBadge";
+
+/**
+ * Snapshot tests catch unintended rendering changes to shared components.
+ * See docs/SNAPSHOT_TESTING.md for the review/update process.
+ */
+describe("StatusBadge snapshots", () => {
+  it("renders the default (md) size", () => {
+    const { container } = render(<StatusBadge status="Active" />);
+    expect(container).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+
+  it("renders the sm size", () => {
+    const { container } = render(<StatusBadge status="Pending" size="sm" />);
+    expect(container).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+
+  it("renders the lg size with a custom description", () => {
+    const { container } = render(
+      <StatusBadge status="Disputed" size="lg" description="Under active dispute review" />
+    );
+    expect(container).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/lib/performanceMonitoring.test.ts b/src/lib/performanceMonitoring.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53d0dd5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/performanceMonitoring.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, afterEach } from "vitest";
+import {
+  rateMetric,
+  isRegression,
+  onPerformanceMetric,
+  PERFORMANCE_BUDGETS,
+  initPerformanceMonitoring,
+} from "./performanceMonitoring";
+
+describe("performanceMonitoring", () => {
+  describe("rateMetric", () => {
+    it("rates LCP within budget as good", () => {
+      expect(rateMetric("LCP", 1200)).toBe("good");
+    });
+
+    it("rates LCP between good and poor as needs-improvement", () => {
+      expect(rateMetric("LCP", 3000)).toBe("needs-improvement");
+    });
+
+    it("rates LCP above the poor threshold as poor", () => {
+      expect(rateMetric("LCP", 5000)).toBe("poor");
+    });
+
+    it("rates CLS using its own (unitless) budget", () => {
+      expect(rateMetric("CLS", 0.05)).toBe("good");
+      expect(rateMetric("CLS", 0.3)).toBe("poor");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("isRegression", () => {
+    it("flags a regression once a metric exceeds its poor threshold", () => {
+      expect(isRegression("LCP", PERFORMANCE_BUDGETS.LCP.poor + 1)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("does not flag a metric within budget", () => {
+      expect(isRegression("LCP", PERFORMANCE_BUDGETS.LCP.good)).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("onPerformanceMetric", () => {
+    afterEach(() => {
+      vi.restoreAllMocks();
+    });
+
+    it("subscribes and unsubscribes reporters", () => {
+      const reporter = vi.fn();
+      const unsubscribe = onPerformanceMetric(reporter);
+      expect(typeof unsubscribe).toBe("function");
+      unsubscribe();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("initPerformanceMonitoring", () => {
+    it("is a no-op when PerformanceObserver is unavailable (SSR-safe)", () => {
+      expect(() => initPerformanceMonitoring()).not.toThrow();
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/lib/performanceMonitoring.ts b/src/lib/performanceMonitoring.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73e20747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/performanceMonitoring.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+/**
+ * performanceMonitoring.ts
+ *
+ * Lightweight Core Web Vitals collection + performance-budget regression
+ * detection, with no third-party runtime dependency (uses the native
+ * PerformanceObserver / Navigation Timing APIs only).
+ *
+ * Wired up from `instrumentation-client.ts` via `initPerformanceMonitoring()`.
+ */
+
+export type MetricName = "LCP" | "CLS" | "INP" | "FCP" | "TTFB";
+
+export interface PerformanceMetric {
+  name: MetricName;
+  value: number;
+  rating: "good" | "needs-improvement" | "poor";
+  timestamp: number;
+  path: string;
+}
+
+export type MetricReporter = (metric: PerformanceMetric) => void;
+
+/**
+ * Performance budgets, aligned with the thresholds Google's web-vitals
+ * library uses for "good" vs "needs-improvement" vs "poor".
+ * Values are in milliseconds, except CLS which is a unitless layout-shift
+ * score.
+ */
+export const PERFORMANCE_BUDGETS: Record<MetricName, { good: number; poor: number }> = {
+  LCP: { good: 2500, poor: 4000 },
+  CLS: { good: 0.1, poor: 0.25 },
+  INP: { good: 200, poor: 500 },
+  FCP: { good: 1800, poor: 3000 },
+  TTFB: { good: 800, poor: 1800 },
+};
+
+export function rateMetric(name: MetricName, value: number): PerformanceMetric["rating"] {
+  const budget = PERFORMANCE_BUDGETS[name];
+  if (value <= budget.good) return "good";
+  if (value <= budget.poor) return "needs-improvement";
+  return "poor";
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns true when a metric value breaches its budget's "poor" threshold —
+ * the signal used for automated regression detection (e.g. in CI or a
+ * synthetic monitoring job).
+ */
+export function isRegression(name: MetricName, value: number): boolean {
+  return value > PERFORMANCE_BUDGETS[name].poor;
+}
+
+const listeners = new Set<MetricReporter>();
+
+/** Subscribe to collected metrics (e.g. to forward them to Sentry/analytics). */
+export function onPerformanceMetric(reporter: MetricReporter): () => void {
+  listeners.add(reporter);
+  return () => listeners.delete(reporter);
+}
+
+function emit(name: MetricName, value: number) {
+  const metric: PerformanceMetric = {
+    name,
+    value,
+    rating: rateMetric(name, value),
+    timestamp: Date.now(),
+    path: typeof window !== "undefined" ? window.location.pathname : "",
+  };
+  listeners.forEach((reporter) => {
+    try {
+      reporter(metric);
+    } catch {
+      // never let a reporter crash the page
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+let initialized = false;
+
+/**
+ * Starts collecting Core Web Vitals in the browser via PerformanceObserver.
+ * Safe to call multiple times (no-op after the first call) and safe to call
+ * on the server (no-op, since PerformanceObserver doesn't exist there).
+ */
+export function initPerformanceMonitoring(): void {
+  if (initialized) return;
+  if (typeof window === "undefined" || typeof PerformanceObserver === "undefined") return;
+  initialized = true;
+
+  // Time to First Byte, from Navigation Timing.
+  try {
+    const nav = performance.getEntriesByType("navigation")[0] as PerformanceNavigationTiming | undefined;
+    if (nav) {
+      emit("TTFB", nav.responseStart - nav.requestStart);
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // ignore
+  }
+
+  // First Contentful Paint.
+  try {
+    const paintObserver = new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
+      for (const entry of list.getEntries()) {
+        if (entry.name === "first-contentful-paint") {
+          emit("FCP", entry.startTime);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    paintObserver.observe({ type: "paint", buffered: true });
+  } catch {
+    // ignore unsupported entry types
+  }
+
+  // Largest Contentful Paint — keep reporting the latest candidate until the
+  // page is hidden/unloaded, per the standard LCP collection pattern.
+  try {
+    let lastLCP = 0;
+    const lcpObserver = new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
+      const entries = list.getEntries();
+      const last = entries[entries.length - 1];
+      if (last) lastLCP = last.startTime;
+    });
+    lcpObserver.observe({ type: "largest-contentful-paint", buffered: true });
+    const flushLCP = () => {
+      if (lastLCP > 0) emit("LCP", lastLCP);
+    };
+    document.addEventListener("visibilitychange", () => {
+      if (document.visibilityState === "hidden") flushLCP();
+    });
+    window.addEventListener("pagehide", flushLCP, { once: true });
+  } catch {
+    // ignore
+  }
+
+  // Cumulative Layout Shift.
+  try {
+    let clsValue = 0;
+    const clsObserver = new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
+      for (const entry of list.getEntries() as Array<PerformanceEntry & { value: number; hadRecentInput: boolean }>) {
+        if (!entry.hadRecentInput) {
+          clsValue += entry.value;
+        }
+      }
+      emit("CLS", clsValue);
+    });
+    clsObserver.observe({ type: "layout-shift", buffered: true });
+  } catch {
+    // ignore
+  }
+
+  // Interaction to Next Paint (approximated via `event` timing entries).
+  try {
+    let worstINP = 0;
+    const inpObserver = new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
+      for (const entry of list.getEntries() as Array<PerformanceEntry & { duration: number }>) {
+        if (entry.duration > worstINP) {
+          worstINP = entry.duration;
+          emit("INP", worstINP);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    inpObserver.observe({ type: "event", buffered: true, durationThreshold: 40 } as PerformanceObserverInit);
+  } catch {
+    // event timing isn't supported everywhere; silently skip
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/factories/README.md b/src/test/factories/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16b80b12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/factories/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Test data factories
+
+Reusable, consistent test data generators for invoice, payment, and user
+objects, following a plain "factory function + overrides" pattern (no
+extra dependency — see [Alternatives considered](#alternatives-considered)).
+
+## Usage
+
+```ts
+import { buildInvoice, buildPayment, buildUser, resetAllFactorySequences } from "@/test/factories";
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  resetAllFactorySequences(); // avoids id/address collisions across tests
+});
+
+it("marks an invoice as funded", () => {
+  const invoice = buildInvoice({ status: "Active", amount: "500" });
+  // ...
+});
+```
+
+Each `build*` function returns a fully valid object with sensible defaults
+for every field. Pass a partial object to override just the fields your
+test cares about — everything else keeps its default, so tests stay
+readable and don't break when unrelated fields are added to the shape.
+
+### Lists
+
+```ts
+import { buildInvoiceList } from "@/test/factories";
+
+const invoices = buildInvoiceList(3, { status: "Pending" });
+```
+
+### Fixtures
+
+For the common lifecycle states, use the pre-built fixtures instead of
+constructing overrides by hand:
+
+```ts
+import { invoiceFixtures, paymentFixtures, userFixtures } from "@/test/factories";
+
+const invoice = invoiceFixtures.fullyFunded();
+const payment = paymentFixtures.completed();
+const user = userFixtures.verified();
+```
+
+## Avoiding test data pollution
+
+- Every factory keeps an internal sequence counter so IDs/addresses are
+  unique per call. Call `resetAllFactorySequences()` (or the individual
+  `resetInvoiceFactorySequence` / `resetPaymentFactorySequence` /
+  `resetUserFactorySequence`) in `beforeEach` so output is deterministic
+  and tests don't depend on run order.
+- Factories never touch `localStorage`, `sessionStorage`, or any network
+  call — they're pure functions that return plain objects. Nothing needs
+  manual teardown.
+
+## Design notes
+
+- **Types are self-contained** (`TestInvoice`, `TestPayment`, `TestUser`)
+  rather than imported from `src/lib/*`, because this codebase doesn't yet
+  have single canonical domain types — most `src/lib/*.ts` files declare
+  their own narrow, file-local `interface Invoice { ... }` shape for just
+  what they need. Keeping the factory types separate avoids coupling every
+  test in the repo to one file's particular narrow shape, while still
+  giving every test consistent, realistic default data. If/when the
+  codebase consolidates its domain types, these factories' return types
+  should be pointed at the canonical ones.
+- **Realistic-looking addresses**: generated Stellar-style `G...`
+  addresses are fake but correctly shaped (56 chars) so UI code asserting
+  on address format/length doesn't need special-casing for test data.
+
+## Alternatives considered
+
+A library like `@faker-js/faker` or `fishery` could generate more varied
+random data, but was intentionally not added as a new dependency here —
+deterministic, readable defaults (e.g. `"Test Invoice 1"`, a fixed decimal
+amount) make test failures easier to debug than randomized data, and this
+plain-function pattern needs no new dependency to install. Revisit if a
+specific test genuinely needs randomized/fuzzed inputs.
diff --git a/src/test/factories/factories.test.ts b/src/test/factories/factories.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5204a06f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/factories/factories.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+import {
+  buildInvoice,
+  buildInvoiceList,
+  invoiceFixtures,
+  buildPayment,
+  buildPaymentList,
+  paymentFixtures,
+  buildUser,
+  buildUserList,
+  userFixtures,
+  resetAllFactorySequences,
+} from "./index";
+
+describe("test data factories", () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    resetAllFactorySequences();
+  });
+
+  describe("invoiceFactory", () => {
+    it("builds a valid invoice with defaults", () => {
+      const invoice = buildInvoice();
+      expect(invoice.id).toBe("invoice-1");
+      expect(invoice.status).toBe("Pending");
+      expect(invoice.recipients).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(invoice.tokenAddress).toHaveLength(56);
+    });
+
+    it("applies overrides without losing defaults", () => {
+      const invoice = buildInvoice({ status: "Funded", amount: "999" });
+      expect(invoice.status).toBe("Funded");
+      expect(invoice.amount).toBe("999");
+      expect(invoice.recipients).toHaveLength(1);
+    });
+
+    it("builds a list of unique invoices", () => {
+      const invoices = buildInvoiceList(3);
+      const ids = invoices.map((i) => i.id);
+      expect(new Set(ids).size).toBe(3);
+    });
+
+    it("exposes lifecycle fixtures", () => {
+      expect(invoiceFixtures.fullyFunded().status).toBe("Funded");
+      expect(invoiceFixtures.disputed().status).toBe("Disputed");
+      expect(invoiceFixtures.withMultipleRecipients().recipients).toHaveLength(2);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("paymentFactory", () => {
+    it("builds a valid payment with defaults", () => {
+      const payment = buildPayment();
+      expect(payment.status).toBe("pending");
+      expect(payment.completedAt).toBeNull();
+      expect(payment.txHash).toHaveLength(64);
+    });
+
+    it("builds a list of unique payments", () => {
+      const payments = buildPaymentList(3);
+      const ids = new Set(payments.map((p) => p.id));
+      expect(ids.size).toBe(3);
+    });
+
+    it("exposes lifecycle fixtures", () => {
+      expect(paymentFixtures.completed().completedAt).not.toBeNull();
+      expect(paymentFixtures.failed().status).toBe("failed");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("userFactory", () => {
+    it("builds a valid user with defaults", () => {
+      const user = buildUser();
+      expect(user.isVerified).toBe(false);
+      expect(user.walletAddress).toHaveLength(56);
+    });
+
+    it("builds a list of unique users", () => {
+      const users = buildUserList(3);
+      expect(new Set(users.map((u) => u.id)).size).toBe(3);
+    });
+
+    it("exposes fixtures", () => {
+      expect(userFixtures.verified().isVerified).toBe(true);
+      expect(userFixtures.anonymous().email).toBeNull();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("resetAllFactorySequences", () => {
+    it("resets ids back to the first sequence value", () => {
+      buildInvoice();
+      buildInvoice();
+      resetAllFactorySequences();
+      expect(buildInvoice().id).toBe("invoice-1");
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/test/factories/index.ts b/src/test/factories/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c51b26ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/factories/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+export * from "./invoiceFactory";
+export * from "./paymentFactory";
+export * from "./userFactory";
+
+import { resetInvoiceFactorySequence } from "./invoiceFactory";
+import { resetPaymentFactorySequence } from "./paymentFactory";
+import { resetUserFactorySequence } from "./userFactory";
+
+/**
+ * Resets every factory's sequence counter. Call from a top-level
+ * `beforeEach` to prevent test data (and generated ids/addresses) from
+ * leaking or diverging between tests.
+ */
+export function resetAllFactorySequences(): void {
+  resetInvoiceFactorySequence();
+  resetPaymentFactorySequence();
+  resetUserFactorySequence();
+}
diff --git a/src/test/factories/invoiceFactory.ts b/src/test/factories/invoiceFactory.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59f30033
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/factories/invoiceFactory.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/**
+ * Invoice test data factory.
+ *
+ * See src/test/factories/README.md for the general factory pattern used
+ * across invoice/payment/user factories.
+ */
+
+export type TestInvoiceStatus =
+  | "Pending"
+  | "Active"
+  | "Funded"
+  | "Released"
+  | "Refunded"
+  | "Disputed"
+  | "Frozen"
+  | "Archived"
+  | "Expired";
+
+export interface TestInvoiceRecipient {
+  address: string;
+  share: number;
+  label?: string;
+}
+
+export interface TestInvoice {
+  id: string;
+  title: string;
+  description: string;
+  amount: string;
+  tokenAddress: string;
+  status: TestInvoiceStatus;
+  creatorAddress: string;
+  recipients: TestInvoiceRecipient[];
+  createdAt: number;
+  dueDate: number;
+  fundedAmount: string;
+}
+
+let invoiceSequence = 0;
+
+/** Resets the shared sequence counter — call from `beforeEach` to avoid cross-test ID pollution. */
+export function resetInvoiceFactorySequence(): void {
+  invoiceSequence = 0;
+}
+
+function nextInvoiceSequence(): number {
+  invoiceSequence += 1;
+  return invoiceSequence;
+}
+
+function fakeStellarAddress(seed: number): string {
+  return `G${"FACTORY".padEnd(55, String(seed % 10))}`.slice(0, 56);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builds a single invoice recipient with sensible defaults, overridable per field.
+ */
+export function buildInvoiceRecipient(overrides: Partial<TestInvoiceRecipient> = {}): TestInvoiceRecipient {
+  const n = nextInvoiceSequence();
+  return {
+    address: fakeStellarAddress(n),
+    share: 100,
+    label: `Recipient ${n}`,
+    ...overrides,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builds a single invoice with sensible defaults. Pass `overrides` to
+ * customize any field, including nested `recipients`.
+ *
+ * @example
+ *   const invoice = buildInvoice({ status: "Funded", amount: "500" });
+ */
+export function buildInvoice(overrides: Partial<TestInvoice> = {}): TestInvoice {
+  const n = nextInvoiceSequence();
+  const now = Date.now();
+
+  return {
+    id: `invoice-${n}`,
+    title: `Test Invoice ${n}`,
+    description: `Factory-generated invoice #${n} for testing`,
+    amount: "100.00",
+    tokenAddress: fakeStellarAddress(n + 1000),
+    status: "Pending",
+    creatorAddress: fakeStellarAddress(n),
+    recipients: [buildInvoiceRecipient()],
+    createdAt: now,
+    dueDate: now + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000,
+    fundedAmount: "0",
+    ...overrides,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Builds `count` invoices, each with a unique id/sequence, sharing any given overrides. */
+export function buildInvoiceList(count: number, overrides: Partial<TestInvoice> = {}): TestInvoice[] {
+  return Array.from({ length: count }, () => buildInvoice(overrides));
+}
+
+/** Common fixtures for the invoice lifecycle, ready to import directly in tests. */
+export const invoiceFixtures = {
+  pending: () => buildInvoice({ status: "Pending" }),
+  fundedPartially: () => buildInvoice({ status: "Active", amount: "1000", fundedAmount: "250" }),
+  fullyFunded: () => buildInvoice({ status: "Funded", amount: "1000", fundedAmount: "1000" }),
+  released: () => buildInvoice({ status: "Released", amount: "1000", fundedAmount: "1000" }),
+  disputed: () => buildInvoice({ status: "Disputed" }),
+  expired: () => buildInvoice({ status: "Expired", dueDate: Date.now() - 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000 }),
+  withMultipleRecipients: () =>
+    buildInvoice({
+      recipients: [
+        buildInvoiceRecipient({ share: 60, label: "Lead" }),
+        buildInvoiceRecipient({ share: 40, label: "Collaborator" }),
+      ],
+    }),
+};
diff --git a/src/test/factories/paymentFactory.ts b/src/test/factories/paymentFactory.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d81a44f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/factories/paymentFactory.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/**
+ * Payment test data factory. See src/test/factories/README.md.
+ */
+
+export type TestPaymentStatus = "pending" | "processing" | "completed" | "failed" | "refunded";
+
+export interface TestPayment {
+  id: string;
+  invoiceId: string;
+  payerAddress: string;
+  recipientAddress: string;
+  amount: string;
+  tokenAddress: string;
+  status: TestPaymentStatus;
+  txHash: string;
+  createdAt: number;
+  completedAt: number | null;
+}
+
+let paymentSequence = 0;
+
+export function resetPaymentFactorySequence(): void {
+  paymentSequence = 0;
+}
+
+function nextPaymentSequence(): number {
+  paymentSequence += 1;
+  return paymentSequence;
+}
+
+function fakeTxHash(seed: number): string {
+  return `${"ab".repeat(32)}`.slice(0, 64 - String(seed).length) + String(seed);
+}
+
+function fakeStellarAddress(seed: number): string {
+  return `G${"PAYMENT".padEnd(55, String(seed % 10))}`.slice(0, 56);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builds a single payment with sensible defaults, overridable per field.
+ *
+ * @example
+ *   const payment = buildPayment({ status: "completed", amount: "50" });
+ */
+export function buildPayment(overrides: Partial<TestPayment> = {}): TestPayment {
+  const n = nextPaymentSequence();
+  const now = Date.now();
+
+  return {
+    id: `payment-${n}`,
+    invoiceId: `invoice-${n}`,
+    payerAddress: fakeStellarAddress(n),
+    recipientAddress: fakeStellarAddress(n + 1),
+    amount: "50.00",
+    tokenAddress: fakeStellarAddress(n + 2000),
+    status: "pending",
+    txHash: fakeTxHash(n),
+    createdAt: now,
+    completedAt: null,
+    ...overrides,
+  };
+}
+
+export function buildPaymentList(count: number, overrides: Partial<TestPayment> = {}): TestPayment[] {
+  return Array.from({ length: count }, () => buildPayment(overrides));
+}
+
+/** Common fixtures for the payment lifecycle. */
+export const paymentFixtures = {
+  pending: () => buildPayment({ status: "pending" }),
+  processing: () => buildPayment({ status: "processing" }),
+  completed: () => buildPayment({ status: "completed", completedAt: Date.now() }),
+  failed: () => buildPayment({ status: "failed" }),
+  refunded: () => buildPayment({ status: "refunded", completedAt: Date.now() }),
+};
diff --git a/src/test/factories/userFactory.ts b/src/test/factories/userFactory.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0594028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/factories/userFactory.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/**
+ * User (wallet-holder) test data factory. See src/test/factories/README.md.
+ */
+
+export interface TestUser {
+  id: string;
+  walletAddress: string;
+  displayName: string;
+  email: string | null;
+  isVerified: boolean;
+  createdAt: number;
+}
+
+let userSequence = 0;
+
+export function resetUserFactorySequence(): void {
+  userSequence = 0;
+}
+
+function nextUserSequence(): number {
+  userSequence += 1;
+  return userSequence;
+}
+
+function fakeStellarAddress(seed: number): string {
+  return `G${"USERFAC".padEnd(55, String(seed % 10))}`.slice(0, 56);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builds a single user with sensible defaults, overridable per field.
+ *
+ * @example
+ *   const user = buildUser({ isVerified: true, displayName: "Alice" });
+ */
+export function buildUser(overrides: Partial<TestUser> = {}): TestUser {
+  const n = nextUserSequence();
+
+  return {
+    id: `user-${n}`,
+    walletAddress: fakeStellarAddress(n),
+    displayName: `Test User ${n}`,
+    email: `test-user-${n}@example.test`,
+    isVerified: false,
+    createdAt: Date.now(),
+    ...overrides,
+  };
+}
+
+export function buildUserList(count: number, overrides: Partial<TestUser> = {}): TestUser[] {
+  return Array.from({ length: count }, () => buildUser(overrides));
+}
+
+/** Common fixtures for user states. */
+export const userFixtures = {
+  unverified: () => buildUser({ isVerified: false }),
+  verified: () => buildUser({ isVerified: true }),
+  anonymous: () => buildUser({ email: null, displayName: "Anonymous" }),
+};