diff --git a/server/internal/adxtrace/dataset.go b/server/internal/adxtrace/dataset.go
index 092fc27cd..1033ea134 100644
--- a/server/internal/adxtrace/dataset.go
+++ b/server/internal/adxtrace/dataset.go
@@ -11,9 +11,12 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/githubnext/gh-cao/server/internal/logger"
 	"github.com/githubnext/gh-cao/server/internal/model"
 )
 
+var datasetLog = logger.New("cao:adxtrace")
+
 func Namespace(endpoint, database string) string {
 	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(endpoint + "\x00" + database))
 	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])
@@ -67,32 +70,41 @@ func Inspect(ctx context.Context, config Config, namespace string) (Status, erro
 	}
 	status := Status{Stage: "waiting"}
 	err = s.locked(ctx, func(_ Objects, state *ledger) error {
-		status.Frames = len(state.Frames)
-		for _, r := range state.Records {
-			if r.State == "eligible" {
-				status.Eligible++
-			} else {
-				status.Gaps++
-			}
-			if r.Delivered == "" {
-				status.Pending++
-			}
-			if r.Mining != nil && r.Mining.Delivered == "" {
-				status.Pending++
-			}
-			if r.Mining != nil && (r.Mining.State != "ready" || !time.Now().Before(r.Mining.FreshUntil)) {
-				status.Gaps++
-			}
-			if config.MiningEnabled && r.Mining == nil && !r.MiningCheckedAt.IsZero() {
-				status.Gaps++
-			}
-		}
-		status.Degraded = status.Gaps > 0
+		status = summarizeLedger(state, config, time.Now())
 		return nil
 	})
+	if err == nil {
+		datasetLog.Printf("inspected spool: frames=%d eligible=%d gaps=%d pending=%d degraded=%t", status.Frames, status.Eligible, status.Gaps, status.Pending, status.Degraded)
+	}
 	return status, err
 }
 
+// summarizeLedger counts eligible, gap and undelivered items in a ledger.
+func summarizeLedger(state *ledger, config Config, now time.Time) Status {
+	status := Status{Stage: "waiting", Frames: len(state.Frames)}
+	for _, r := range state.Records {
+		if r.State == "eligible" {
+			status.Eligible++
+		} else {
+			status.Gaps++
+		}
+		if r.Delivered == "" {
+			status.Pending++
+		}
+		if r.Mining != nil && r.Mining.Delivered == "" {
+			status.Pending++
+		}
+		if r.Mining != nil && (r.Mining.State != "ready" || !now.Before(r.Mining.FreshUntil)) {
+			status.Gaps++
+		}
+		if config.MiningEnabled && r.Mining == nil && !r.MiningCheckedAt.IsZero() {
+			status.Gaps++
+		}
+	}
+	status.Degraded = status.Gaps > 0
+	return status
+}
+
 // ExportDataset creates a private immutable native-trajectory dataset. It does
 // not train or replay anything and requires separately supplied quality evidence.
 func ExportDataset(ctx context.Context, config Config, namespace string, specification []byte) (string, error) {
diff --git a/server/internal/adxtrace/summarize_test.go b/server/internal/adxtrace/summarize_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5979ef894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/internal/adxtrace/summarize_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package adxtrace
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestSummarizeLedger(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
+	fresh, stale := now.Add(time.Hour), now.Add(-time.Hour)
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		state  *ledger
+		config Config
+		want   Status
+	}{
+		{"empty", &ledger{}, Config{}, Status{Stage: "waiting"}},
+		{"delivered eligible record", &ledger{
+			Frames:  map[string]*frame{"f": {}},
+			Records: map[string]*record{"a": {State: "eligible", Delivered: "x"}},
+		}, Config{}, Status{Stage: "waiting", Frames: 1, Eligible: 1}},
+		{"undelivered gap", &ledger{
+			Records: map[string]*record{"a": {State: "excluded"}},
+		}, Config{}, Status{Stage: "waiting", Gaps: 1, Pending: 1, Degraded: true}},
+		{"fresh ready mining pending", &ledger{
+			Records: map[string]*record{"a": {State: "eligible", Delivered: "x", Mining: &miningProjection{State: "ready", FreshUntil: fresh}}},
+		}, Config{}, Status{Stage: "waiting", Eligible: 1, Pending: 1}},
+		{"stale mining is a gap", &ledger{
+			Records: map[string]*record{"a": {State: "eligible", Delivered: "x", Mining: &miningProjection{State: "ready", Delivered: "y", FreshUntil: stale}}},
+		}, Config{}, Status{Stage: "waiting", Eligible: 1, Gaps: 1, Degraded: true}},
+		{"not ready mining is a gap", &ledger{
+			Records: map[string]*record{"a": {State: "eligible", Delivered: "x", Mining: &miningProjection{State: "partial", Delivered: "y", FreshUntil: fresh}}},
+		}, Config{}, Status{Stage: "waiting", Eligible: 1, Gaps: 1, Degraded: true}},
+		{"checked without mining when enabled", &ledger{
+			Records: map[string]*record{"a": {State: "eligible", Delivered: "x", MiningCheckedAt: now}},
+		}, Config{MiningEnabled: true}, Status{Stage: "waiting", Eligible: 1, Gaps: 1, Degraded: true}},
+		{"checked without mining when disabled", &ledger{
+			Records: map[string]*record{"a": {State: "eligible", Delivered: "x", MiningCheckedAt: now}},
+		}, Config{}, Status{Stage: "waiting", Eligible: 1}},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := summarizeLedger(tt.state, tt.config, now); got != tt.want {
+				t.Fatalf("got %+v, want %+v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSummarizeLedgerFreshnessBoundary(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, time.UTC)
+	state := &ledger{Records: map[string]*record{"a": {State: "eligible", Delivered: "x", Mining: &miningProjection{State: "ready", Delivered: "y", FreshUntil: now}}}}
+	if got := summarizeLedger(state, Config{}, now); got.Gaps != 1 || !got.Degraded {
+		t.Fatalf("mining expiring exactly now must be a gap: %+v", got)
+	}
+}