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<h1 id="数据挖掘与数据仓库-4"><a href="#数据挖掘与数据仓库-4" class="headerlink" title="数据挖掘与数据仓库_4"></a>数据挖掘与数据仓库_4</h1><h2 id="联机分析处理(OLAP)"><a href="#联机分析处理(OLAP)" class="headerlink" title="联机分析处理(OLAP)"></a>联机分析处理(OLAP)</h2><p>A、交互性:联机</p>
<p>B、维(dimension):分析数据的角度 </p>
<p>立方体(超过三维的立方体称为超立方体或多维空间)</p>
<h3 id="维的层次(hierarchy)"><a href="#维的层次(hierarchy)" class="headerlink" title="维的层次(hierarchy)"></a>维的层次(hierarchy)</h3><p>例.时间维: </p>
<p> 年-季度-月-天</p>
<p> 年-学期-周 (每一层称为 <strong>级别(level)</strong>)</p>
<h3 id="维的成员(member)"><a href="#维的成员(member)" class="headerlink" title="维的成员(member)"></a>维的成员(member)</h3><p>维的一个取值</p>
<h3 id="多维数组(多维空间)"><a href="#多维数组(多维空间)" class="headerlink" title="多维数组(多维空间)"></a>多维数组(多维空间)</h3><p>维和度量的组合</p>
<p><img src="../images/DataMining/image-20220930214656970.png" alt="image-20220930214656970"></p>
<h3 id="数据单元(单元格)"><a href="#数据单元(单元格)" class="headerlink" title="数据单元(单元格)"></a>数据单元(单元格)</h3><p>多维数组的一个取值</p>
<p>如果查询结果保存起来,则称该查询视图物化</p>
<h3 id="多维分析"><a href="#多维分析" class="headerlink" title="多维分析"></a>多维分析</h3><h4 id="切片(slice)-切块(dice)"><a href="#切片(slice)-切块(dice)" class="headerlink" title="切片(slice)/切块(dice)"></a>切片(slice)/切块(dice)</h4><p>切片:单个维度分析</p>
<p>切块:两个或以上维度分析</p>
<h4 id="钻取"><a href="#钻取" class="headerlink" title="钻取"></a>钻取</h4><p>向下钻取(Drill-down)下钻:粗粒度—–>细粒度分析</p>
<p>向上钻取(Roll-up)上卷:细粒度—–>粗粒度分析</p>
<h4 id="旋转(pivot)"><a href="#旋转(pivot)" class="headerlink" title="旋转(pivot)"></a>旋转(pivot)</h4><p>不同维度的置换</p>
<p>求不同城市的总销售量</p>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="built_in">sum</span>(sale_unit) <span class="keyword">from</span> sale</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">join</span> <span class="type">time</span> <span class="keyword">on</span> time.Q <span class="operator">=</span> sale.Q</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">join</span> city <span class="keyword">on</span> city.C <span class="operator">=</span> sale.C</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">group</span> <span class="keyword">by</span> city.C;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="OLAP实现架构"><a href="#OLAP实现架构" class="headerlink" title="OLAP实现架构"></a>OLAP实现架构</h3><p>ROLAP:关系表 —–>存储空间更小</p>
<p>MOLAP:多维数组—–>查询效率高</p>
<p>Eg.sale(产品)(季度)(城市)——->value</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center">产品</th>
<th align="center">季度</th>
<th align="center">城市</th>
<th align="center">value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">TV</td>
<td align="center">Q1</td>
<td align="center">北京</td>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">CD</td>
<td align="center">Q2</td>
<td align="center">上海</td>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">PC</td>
<td align="center">Q3</td>
<td align="center">广州</td>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">ALL</td>
<td align="center">ALL</td>
<td align="center">ALL</td>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<h1 id="数据挖掘与数据仓库-3"><a href="#数据挖掘与数据仓库-3" class="headerlink" title="数据挖掘与数据仓库_3"></a>数据挖掘与数据仓库_3</h1><h2 id="例题"><a href="#例题" class="headerlink" title="例题"></a>例题</h2><p><img src="../images/DataMining/image-20220930202533332.png" alt="image-20220930202533332"></p>
<h3 id="SQL查询"><a href="#SQL查询" class="headerlink" title="SQL查询"></a>SQL查询</h3><h4 id="销售质量"><a href="#销售质量" class="headerlink" title="销售质量"></a>销售质量</h4><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="built_in">sum</span>(units_sold) <span class="keyword">from</span> sales_fact;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="不同年份的销售量"><a href="#不同年份的销售量" class="headerlink" title="不同年份的销售量"></a>不同年份的销售量</h4><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="built_in">sum</span>(units_sold) <span class="keyword">from</span> sales_fact</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">join</span> time_dim <span class="keyword">on</span> sales_fact.time_key <span class="operator">=</span> time_dim.time_key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">group</span> <span class="keyword">by</span> time_dim.year;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="不同年份不同商品项的销售额"><a href="#不同年份不同商品项的销售额" class="headerlink" title="不同年份不同商品项的销售额"></a>不同年份不同商品项的销售额</h4><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> city <span class="keyword">as</span> 城市,item_names <span class="keyword">as</span> 商品项,<span class="built_in">sum</span>(dollars_sold) <span class="keyword">as</span> 销售额</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> sales_fact a</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">inner</span> <span class="keyword">join</span> geo_dim b</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">on</span> a.location_key <span class="operator">=</span> b.location_key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">inner</span> <span class="keyword">join</span> item_dim c</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">on</span> a.item_key <span class="operator">=</span> c.item_key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">group</span> <span class="keyword">by</span> b.city,c.item_name;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="2021年1-8月份各月平均销售"><a href="#2021年1-8月份各月平均销售" class="headerlink" title="2021年1~8月份各月平均销售"></a>2021年1~8月份各月平均销售</h4><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="built_in">sum</span>(avg_sales) <span class="keyword">from</span> sales_fact a</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">join</span> time_dim b <span class="keyword">on</span> a.time_key <span class="operator">=</span> b.time_key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">where</span> mouth <span class="operator">>=</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> mouth <span class="operator"><=</span> <span class="number">8</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="粒度"><a href="#粒度" class="headerlink" title="粒度"></a>粒度</h2><p>粒度:数据综合程度高低的一个度量</p>
<p>粒度越粗,综合程度越高,存储空间越小,回答的查询种类越多,查询效率越高;</p>
<p>粒度越细,综合程度越低,存储空间越大,回答的查询种类越少,查询效率越低。</p>
<p>年(粗)–>月–>日(细)</p>
<h2 id="分割(分区)(partition)"><a href="#分割(分区)(partition)" class="headerlink" title="分割(分区)(partition)"></a>分割(分区)(partition)</h2><p>划分方式:水平划分和垂直划分</p>
<p>分区类别::</p>
<p>1、范围分区:按时间分割,按单位分割。(分布式数据库)</p>
<p>2、哈希分区:(polarDB-X数据库)</p>
<p>3、列表分区:按职业、学历分区</p>
<h2 id="系统设计差异"><a href="#系统设计差异" class="headerlink" title="系统设计差异"></a>系统设计差异</h2><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>操作型数据库</strong></th>
<th><strong>数据仓库</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>面向应用</td>
<td>面向分析</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>确定的应用需求</td>
<td>不确定的分析需求</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>事务处理性能</td>
<td>数据的全局一致性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据来自组织外部</td>
<td>数据来自系统内部</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="数据仓库设计原则"><a href="#数据仓库设计原则" class="headerlink" title="数据仓库设计原则"></a>数据仓库设计原则</h3><p>面向主题原则、数据驱动原则、原型法设计原则</p>
<h3 id="数据仓库设计步骤"><a href="#数据仓库设计步骤" class="headerlink" title="数据仓库设计步骤"></a>数据仓库设计步骤</h3><p> 1、明确主题</p>
<p> 2、概念模型设计</p>
<p> 3、技术准备</p>
<p> 4、逻辑模型设计</p>
<p> 5、物理模型设计</p>
<p> 6、数据仓库生成</p>
<p> 7、数据仓库的运行与维护</p>
<h3 id="数据仓库设计方法论"><a href="#数据仓库设计方法论" class="headerlink" title="数据仓库设计方法论"></a>数据仓库设计方法论</h3><p>DM(数据集市) –> DW(数据仓库) (自底向上)(成本小,收益大)</p>
<p>DW(数据仓库) –>DM(数据集市) (自顶向下)(成本大,收益小)</p>
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<h1 id="数据挖掘与数据仓库-2"><a href="#数据挖掘与数据仓库-2" class="headerlink" title="数据挖掘与数据仓库_2"></a>数据挖掘与数据仓库_2</h1><h2 id="数据库与数据仓库对比"><a href="#数据库与数据仓库对比" class="headerlink" title="数据库与数据仓库对比"></a>数据库与数据仓库对比</h2><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>数据库</strong></th>
<th><strong>数据仓库</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>细节的</td>
<td>综合或提炼的</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>在存取时准确的</td>
<td>代表过去的数据</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>可更新的</td>
<td>不更新</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>一次操作数据量小</td>
<td>一次操作数据量大</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>面向应用</td>
<td>面向分析</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>支持管理</td>
<td>支持决策</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>用于事务处理</td>
<td>主要用于分析数据</td>
</tr>
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<h2 id="DW、ODS、DM属性"><a href="#DW、ODS、DM属性" class="headerlink" title="DW、ODS、DM属性"></a>DW、ODS、DM属性</h2><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>DW</strong>(数据仓库)(侧重于计算能力)</th>
<th>ODS(操作型数据存储)(能够实时报表分析)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>A、面向主题的</td>
<td>A、面向主题的</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>B、集成的</td>
<td>B、集成的</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C、时变的</td>
<td>C、当前的</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D、非易失的/稳定的</td>
<td>D、易失的</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="DM(数据集市)(Data-Mart)"><a href="#DM(数据集市)(Data-Mart)" class="headerlink" title="DM(数据集市)(Data Mart)"></a>DM(数据集市)(Data Mart)</h3><p>1、独立的数据集市 </p>
<p>2、从属的数据集市:</p>
<ul>
<li>面向部门的数据仓库 </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>为满足用户特定需求而创建的数据仓库</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>数据仓库的子集</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Data-Lake(数据湖)"><a href="#Data-Lake(数据湖)" class="headerlink" title="Data Lake(数据湖)"></a>Data Lake(数据湖)</h3><p>(侧重于数据存储能力)</p>
<p>A、 保存原始的、细节的数据</p>
<p>B、 结构化数据、非结构化数据均存在(多模态)</p>
<h3 id="发展趋势"><a href="#发展趋势" class="headerlink" title="发展趋势"></a>发展趋势</h3><p>1、 一体化:比如湖仓一体(Lakehouse):融合了数据湖的存储能力和数据仓库的计算能力</p>
<p>2、多模态:既能处理关系表数据,也能处理时序数据、图数据</p>
<p>3、云原生:数据库迁移到云上(提升数据库存储和计算的拓展性)</p>
<h2 id="元数据"><a href="#元数据" class="headerlink" title="元数据"></a>元数据</h2><p>用来描述数据的数据,包含业务元数据和技术元数据</p>
<h2 id="数据仓库模型和数据库模型对比"><a href="#数据仓库模型和数据库模型对比" class="headerlink" title="数据仓库模型和数据库模型对比"></a>数据仓库模型和数据库模型对比</h2><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>数据仓库模型</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td><strong>A</strong>、概念模型:分析主题(边界、主题、维度、类别、指标、事实)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>B</strong>、逻辑模型:星型模型、雪花模型、星座模型</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>C</strong>、物理模型:</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>数据库模型</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td><strong>A、</strong>概念模型:ER(实体关系模型)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>B</strong>、逻辑模型:关系模型、网状模型、层次模型</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>C</strong>、物理模型:</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 id="数据仓库模型"><a href="#数据仓库模型" class="headerlink" title="数据仓库模型"></a>数据仓库模型</h2><h3 id="销售分析的概念模型"><a href="#销售分析的概念模型" class="headerlink" title="销售分析的概念模型"></a>销售分析的概念模型</h3><p>信息包: <u>销售分析</u> </p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>日期</th>
<th>销售地点</th>
<th>销售产品</th>
<th>年龄组别</th>
<th>性别</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>年(10)</td>
<td>国家(15)</td>
<td>产品类(6)</td>
<td>年龄组(8)</td>
<td>性别组(2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>季度(40)</td>
<td>区域(45)</td>
<td>产品组(48)</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>月(120)</td>
<td>城市(280)</td>
<td>产品(240)</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>区(880)</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>商店(2000)</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>度量和事实:</strong> <strong>预测销售量、实际销售量、预测误差</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="销售分析的逻辑模型(星型模型)"><a href="#销售分析的逻辑模型(星型模型)" class="headerlink" title="销售分析的逻辑模型(星型模型)"></a>销售分析的逻辑模型(星型模型)</h3><p><img src="../images/DataMining/image-20220930201611688.png" alt="image-20220930201611688"></p>
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<h1 id="数据挖掘与数据仓库-1"><a href="#数据挖掘与数据仓库-1" class="headerlink" title="数据挖掘与数据仓库_1"></a>数据挖掘与数据仓库_1</h1><h2 id="数据仓库产生原因:"><a href="#数据仓库产生原因:" class="headerlink" title="数据仓库产生原因:"></a>数据仓库产生原因:</h2><p>A、 数据的大量积累</p>
<p>B、 关系数据库的局限(操作型数据库)</p>
<p>局限:TP(存取频率高、时间短)、AP(消耗资源)特性不同、数据集成度不高、质量问题、数据面向应用而非主题</p>
<p>C、 异构数据源共享问题(各类数据库产品增加导致异构环境数据增加)</p>
<h3 id="异构数据源解决方案"><a href="#异构数据源解决方案" class="headerlink" title="异构数据源解决方案"></a>异构数据源解决方案</h3><p>一、 数据仓库</p>
<p><img src="../images/DataMining/clip_image002.png" alt="clip_image002"></p>
<p>二、联邦数据库</p>
<p><img src="../images/DataMining/clip_image002-16645445572993.png" alt="clip_image002-16645445572993"></p>
<h2 id="数据仓库与联邦数据库的区别:"><a href="#数据仓库与联邦数据库的区别:" class="headerlink" title="数据仓库与联邦数据库的区别:"></a>数据仓库与联邦数据库的区别:</h2><p>数据仓库:</p>
<ul>
<li>优:查询速度快 </li>
<li>缺:空间占用大,安全性一般,实时更新一般</li>
</ul>
<p>联邦数据库:</p>
<ul>
<li>优:隐私保护性好,空间占用小,实时更新较好</li>
<li>缺:查询处理复杂,速度慢</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="数据仓库"><a href="#数据仓库" class="headerlink" title="数据仓库"></a>数据仓库</h2><p>一个面向主题的、集成的、时变的、非易失的数据集合。</p>
<p>A、面向主题的:与主题相关的数据导入数据仓库,由异构转换为同构;</p>
<p>B、集成的:集成的主要方法:</p>
<ul>
<li>统一:消除不一致的现象(数据清洗)</li>
<li>综合:对原有数据进行综合和计算</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="ETL"><a href="#ETL" class="headerlink" title="ETL"></a>ETL</h3><p>(Extraction、Transformation、Loading)</p>
<p>数据抽取、数据清洗、数据转换、数据加载、数据更新。</p>
<p>数据更新:</p>
<ul>
<li>全量更新:数据库建立时期</li>
<li>增量更新:数据库维护</li>
</ul>
<p>C、时变的:数据仓库保存长期的字段、显/隐式时间类型数据、历史数据,而操作型数据库保留当前数据。</p>
<p>D、非易失的:以读为主,数据相对稳定,一般不执行“更新”操作,主要分析数据。</p>
<h2 id="数据仓库与数据库的区别"><a href="#数据仓库与数据库的区别" class="headerlink" title="数据仓库与数据库的区别"></a>数据仓库与数据库的区别</h2><p>本质上主要为异构和同构的差别</p>
<p>事务型数据库(操作型):TP事务处理,以写为主</p>
<p>分析型数据库:AP分析处理,以读为主</p>
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