diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index bd4eaa9..941b2fd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -293,6 +293,13 @@ Create a scenario file:
 
 Paths inside a scenario file are resolved relative to that scenario file.
 
+`baselineSkills` may be `[]`, which compares "no skill" against a proposed
+skill: the question of whether adding the skill changes anything at all. This
+is preferable to pointing baseline at a placeholder skill file, which
+contaminates the baseline arm: its text lands in the system prompt under
+inline delivery, and its description is visible in the registry under install
+delivery.
+
 Run it:
 
 ```bash
diff --git a/SPEC.md b/SPEC.md
index b74d0e5..7330732 100644
--- a/SPEC.md
+++ b/SPEC.md
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ exactly one arm is openai).
 A compare file defines:
 
 - agent file
-- baseline skill files (or a shared skill set both arms inherit)
+- baseline skill files, empty to compare against no skill, or a shared skill set both arms inherit
 - proposed skill files
 - model (shared, or per arm for model comparisons)
 - run count
diff --git a/src/engine/compare.ts b/src/engine/compare.ts
index bec1851..160838d 100644
--- a/src/engine/compare.ts
+++ b/src/engine/compare.ts
@@ -495,7 +495,11 @@ async function runArm(
       if (config.delivery === "install") {
         const { installed, warnings } = installSkills(armSkills, sandbox.dir);
         if (index === 0) {
-          onProgress?.(`  ${label} installed skills: ${installed.map((skill) => skill.name).join(", ")}`);
+          onProgress?.(
+            installed.length === 0
+              ? `  ${label} installed skills: (none)`
+              : `  ${label} installed skills: ${installed.map((skill) => skill.name).join(", ")}`,
+          );
           for (const warning of warnings) {
             onProgress?.(`  WARNING: ${warning}`);
           }
diff --git a/src/engine/config.ts b/src/engine/config.ts
index f5793ac..1f5cea0 100644
--- a/src/engine/config.ts
+++ b/src/engine/config.ts
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ export function loadCompareConfig(
     cases: rawCases.map((rawCase, index) => normalizeCase(baseDir, recordValue(rawCase, `scenarios[${index}]`), index)),
   };
 
-  validateCompareConfig(config);
+  validateCompareConfig(config, options);
   return config;
 }
 
@@ -242,11 +242,16 @@ function normalizeCase(baseDir: string, raw: RawCase, index: number): EvalCaseCo
   };
 }
 
-function validateCompareConfig(config: CompareConfig): void {
-  if (config.baselineSkills.length === 0) {
-    throw new Error("compare requires at least one baseline skill");
-  }
-  if (config.proposedSkills.length === 0) {
+function validateCompareConfig(config: CompareConfig, options: LoadOptions = {}): void {
+  // An explicit empty baselineSkills is a valid comparison: "does adding this
+  // skill change anything at all" needs a no-skill baseline arm. normalizeSkills
+  // already rejects an omitted or misspelled key, so a typo still fails loudly.
+  //
+  // In single-arm (measure) mode the proposed arm is a mirror of baseline that
+  // no run ever exercises, so an empty mirror is not a missing proposed set.
+  // Requiring content there would reject "characterize the agent with no
+  // skills," the measure-side version of the question this baseline change enables.
+  if (!options.singleArm && config.proposedSkills.length === 0) {
     throw new Error("compare requires at least one proposed skill");
   }
   if (config.runs < 1) {
diff --git a/test/config.test.ts b/test/config.test.ts
index 8e8ff5c..8435215 100644
--- a/test/config.test.ts
+++ b/test/config.test.ts
@@ -249,3 +249,76 @@ test("loadCompareConfig parses maxTurns at both levels and rejects bad caps", ()
     rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
   }
 });
+
+test("loadCompareConfig accepts an explicit empty baselineSkills but still requires proposedSkills", () => {
+  const dir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "promptdiff-config-empty-baseline-"));
+  try {
+    writeFileSync(join(dir, "agent.md"), "Agent", "utf8");
+    writeFileSync(join(dir, "proposed.md"), "Proposed", "utf8");
+
+    // An explicit `[]` answers "does adding this skill change anything at all"
+    // and loads with an empty baseline arm.
+    writeFileSync(
+      join(dir, "empty-baseline.json"),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        agent: "./agent.md",
+        baselineSkills: [],
+        proposedSkills: ["./proposed.md"],
+        model: "sonnet",
+        scenarios: [{ name: "t", prompt: "p", grader: { type: "text", contains: ["ok"] } }],
+      }),
+      "utf8",
+    );
+    const config = loadCompareConfig(join(dir, "empty-baseline.json"));
+    expect(config.baselineSkills).toEqual([]);
+    expect(config.proposedSkills).toEqual([join(dir, "proposed.md")]);
+
+    // A shared top-level `skills` set must not backfill an explicit `[]`:
+    // normalizeSkills returns on the Array.isArray branch before it ever
+    // reaches the shared-skills fallback, so pin that here.
+    writeFileSync(join(dir, "shared.md"), "Shared", "utf8");
+    writeFileSync(
+      join(dir, "empty-baseline-with-shared.json"),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        agent: "./agent.md",
+        skills: ["./shared.md"],
+        baselineSkills: [],
+        proposedSkills: ["./proposed.md"],
+        model: "sonnet",
+        scenarios: [{ name: "t", prompt: "p", grader: { type: "text", contains: ["ok"] } }],
+      }),
+      "utf8",
+    );
+    expect(loadCompareConfig(join(dir, "empty-baseline-with-shared.json")).baselineSkills).toEqual([]);
+
+    // Omitting the key entirely is a different failure than supplying `[]`:
+    // a typo'd or forgotten key must not silently become a no-skill baseline.
+    writeFileSync(
+      join(dir, "omitted-baseline.json"),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        agent: "./agent.md",
+        proposedSkills: ["./proposed.md"],
+        model: "sonnet",
+        scenarios: [{ name: "t", prompt: "p", grader: { type: "text", contains: ["ok"] } }],
+      }),
+      "utf8",
+    );
+    expect(() => loadCompareConfig(join(dir, "omitted-baseline.json"))).toThrow(/baseline skill paths/);
+
+    // A compare with nothing proposed is meaningless even when the baseline is empty.
+    writeFileSync(
+      join(dir, "empty-proposed.json"),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        agent: "./agent.md",
+        baselineSkills: [],
+        proposedSkills: [],
+        model: "sonnet",
+        scenarios: [{ name: "t", prompt: "p", grader: { type: "text", contains: ["ok"] } }],
+      }),
+      "utf8",
+    );
+    expect(() => loadCompareConfig(join(dir, "empty-proposed.json"))).toThrow("compare requires at least one proposed skill");
+  } finally {
+    rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+});
diff --git a/test/delivery.test.ts b/test/delivery.test.ts
index 9260320..40715e8 100644
--- a/test/delivery.test.ts
+++ b/test/delivery.test.ts
@@ -81,6 +81,66 @@ test("install delivery puts arm skills in each sandbox registry and keeps them o
   }
 });
 
+test("inline delivery with an empty baseline sends the agent body alone, with no SKILL marker", async () => {
+  const dir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "promptdiff-delivery-empty-baseline-"));
+  try {
+    const agent = join(dir, "agent.md");
+    writeFileSync(agent, "Agent persona", "utf8");
+    // Inline delivery reads skill paths as files directly (assembleSystemPrompt
+    // maps over them and reads each one), unlike install delivery's directories.
+    const proposed = join(dir, "proposed-skill.md");
+    writeFileSync(proposed, "PROPOSED_MARKER", "utf8");
+
+    const seenPrompts: { arm: string; prompt: string }[] = [];
+    const runner: Runner = {
+      name: "mock",
+      capabilities: { sandboxTools: true, skillRegistry: true, images: false, streamEvents: false },
+      async run(options: RunnerRunOptions) {
+        const arm = options.systemPrompt.includes("PROPOSED_MARKER") ? "proposed" : "baseline";
+        seenPrompts.push({ arm, prompt: options.systemPrompt });
+        return { output: "ok", costUsd: 0.1, turns: 1, durationMs: 10, models: ["sonnet"], raw: {} };
+      },
+    };
+
+    const config: CompareConfig = {
+      name: "inline delivery, empty baseline",
+      agent,
+      baselineSkills: [],
+      proposedSkills: [proposed],
+      delivery: "inline",
+      arms: {
+        baseline: { model: "sonnet", runner: "claude-p" },
+        proposed: { model: "sonnet", runner: "claude-p" },
+      },
+      runs: 1,
+      timeoutMs: 1_000,
+      maxBudgetUsd: 1,
+      addDirs: [],
+      sandboxRoot: join(dir, "runs"),
+      keepSandbox: false,
+      cases: [
+        {
+          name: "target",
+          kind: "target",
+          prompt: "do the task",
+          grader: { type: "text", contains: ["ok"] },
+          images: [],
+          addDirs: [],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    await runCompare({ config, runners: { baseline: runner, proposed: runner } });
+    const baselinePrompt = seenPrompts.find((entry) => entry.arm === "baseline")?.prompt;
+    // No baseline skills means assembleSystemPrompt has nothing to join in.
+    // The baseline arm's prompt is the agent file, verbatim, with no skill section.
+    expect(baselinePrompt).toBe("Agent persona");
+    expect(baselinePrompt).not.toContain("===== SKILL");
+  } finally {
+    rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+});
+
 test("scenario files parse delivery and reject install with disabled tools", () => {
   const dir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "promptdiff-delivery-config-"));
   try {
diff --git a/test/measure.test.ts b/test/measure.test.ts
index 59db4ce..adec557 100644
--- a/test/measure.test.ts
+++ b/test/measure.test.ts
@@ -94,6 +94,34 @@ test("singleArm loading accepts baselineSkills-only scenarios; compare still req
   }
 });
 
+test("singleArm loading accepts an empty baselineSkills; the mirrored empty proposed arm is never a validation error", () => {
+  const dir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "promptdiff-measure-empty-config-"));
+  try {
+    writeFileSync(join(dir, "agent.md"), "Agent.", "utf8");
+    const scenario = {
+      agent: "./agent.md",
+      baselineSkills: [],
+      model: "sonnet",
+      scenarios: [{ name: "t", prompt: "p", grader: { type: "text", contains: ["ok"] } }],
+    };
+    const path = join(dir, "s.json");
+    writeFileSync(path, JSON.stringify(scenario), "utf8");
+
+    // "Characterize the agent with no skills" is the measure-side version of
+    // the question an empty baseline enables in compare. Proposed mirrors
+    // baseline here and no run ever touches it, so an empty mirror must load.
+    const config = loadCompareConfig(path, {}, { singleArm: true });
+    expect(config.baselineSkills).toEqual([]);
+    expect(config.proposedSkills).toEqual([]);
+
+    // The same scenario as a real compare has no proposed arm at all: that
+    // still throws, since a compare with nothing proposed is meaningless.
+    expect(() => loadCompareConfig(path)).toThrow(/proposed skill paths/);
+  } finally {
+    rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+});
+
 test("measure warns when the measured model diverges from productionModel", async () => {
   const dir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "promptdiff-measure-prod-"));
   try {
diff --git a/test/skill-install.test.ts b/test/skill-install.test.ts
index 7073a96..39db10b 100644
--- a/test/skill-install.test.ts
+++ b/test/skill-install.test.ts
@@ -100,6 +100,24 @@ test("installSkills warns when a description exceeds the registry limit", () =>
   }
 });
 
+test("installSkills with an empty list installs nothing and creates no skills directory", () => {
+  const root = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "skill-install-test-"));
+  try {
+    const sandbox = join(root, "sandbox");
+    mkdirSync(sandbox);
+
+    const result = installSkills([], sandbox, join(root, "no-user-skills"));
+
+    expect(result.installed).toEqual([]);
+    expect(result.warnings).toEqual([]);
+    // An empty baseline arm must leave the registry untouched, not an empty
+    // .claude/skills directory a later check could mistake for "installed but empty".
+    expect(existsSync(join(sandbox, ".claude", "skills"))).toBe(false);
+  } finally {
+    rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+});
+
 test("deliveryValue validates the delivery axis", () => {
   expect(deliveryValue(undefined, "inline")).toBe("inline");
   expect(deliveryValue("install", "inline")).toBe("install");