Qwen3 Quantization Toolkit: An Empirical Study of Qwen3 Quantization

Visual Intelligence 4, Article 11 · 2026

Xingyu Zheng, Yuye Li, Haoran Chu, Yue Feng, Xudong Ma, Zining Wang, Jie Luo, Jinyang Guo, Haotong Qin, Michele Magno, Xianglong Liu

Published paper | arXiv | Citation

This toolkit accompanies a systematic evaluation of five post-training quantization methods on Qwen3 across 1–8-bit settings. It helps choose quantization baselines and understand quality loss across language modeling, commonsense reasoning, and knowledge evaluation; it does not introduce a new quantizer.

Published results

Selected Qwen3-8B results from Table 4 of the 2026 journal version, per-group quantization with group size 128 and 16-bit activations. Calibration uses 128 C4 sequences of length 2048 (Section 2.1). WikiText2 perplexity (PPL) is lower-is-better; MMLU is five-shot and higher-is-better.

Method	Weight bits	Activation bits	WikiText2 PPL	MMLU (%)
FP16 reference	16	16	9.71	74.7
AWQ	8	16	9.72	74.5
GPTQ	8	16	9.70	74.7
AWQ	4	16	11.3	69.3
GPTQ	4	16	9.96	73.4
AWQ	3	16	27.5	33.2
GPTQ	2	16	52.1	25.0
BiLLM	1.05 (effective)	16	90.4	32.8

The effective bit-width includes the method's mixed/residual representation. These are quality measurements from the paper, not new runs or measured speedups. Parameter compression does not by itself establish proportional reductions in runtime memory or latency.

What this paper supports

• Quantization quality depends on bit-width, method, model size, and whether a base or post-trained model is evaluated (Section 2.2; Tables 1–4).
• At W8A16G128, the selected Qwen3-8B results stay close to FP16; W4A16G128 distinguishes GPTQ and AWQ markedly (Table 4).
• Ultra-low bit-width can cause severe degradation; a smaller bit-width is not automatically a useful deployment choice (Section 2.2; Table 4).
• Weight-only and weight/activation quantization must be evaluated separately (Tables 1–4); outlier analysis helps explain their different behavior (Figures 6–9).
• In the Qwen3-8B GPTQ W4A16 calibration ablation, 128–512 samples yield similar WikiText2 perplexity, while smaller sets can degrade it (Table 7). This is a setting-specific observation, not a universal calibration-size rule.

Supported quantization methods

Method	Technical role	Code and documentation
AWQ	Activation-aware weight-only quantization	AWQ
GPTQ	Weight-only PTQ with approximate second-order reconstruction/error compensation	GPTQ
RTN	Round-to-nearest quantization baseline	RTN
SmoothQuant	Activation smoothing for weight-and-activation quantization	SmoothQuant
BiLLM	Near-1-bit post-training weight quantization with residual approximation	BiLLM

Reproduction

Choose a method above and follow its own environment, calibration, checkpoint, and evaluation instructions. Compare the same Qwen3 checkpoint, grouping, activation precision, calibration set, and evaluation protocol. The paper uses one NVIDIA A800 80 GB for its experiments; this is an experimental resource specification, not a speed benchmark.

Evaluation data not included in GitHub

Due to GitHub's file size restrictions, the following five files cannot be directly uploaded to our code repository:

• eval_my/mmlu/data/auxiliary_train/race.csv
• eval_my/ppl_datasets/wikitext/wikitext-2-raw-v1/test
• eval_my/ppl_datasets/wikitext/wikitext-2-raw-v1/train
• eval_my/ppl_datasets/allenai/c4/allenai--c4/train
• eval_my/ppl_datasets/allenai/c4/allenai--c4/validation

You can download these files from Hugging Face. We will also update them to our project's Hugging Face repository in the future.

Contributions

Contributions to this project are welcome! If you have suggestions for improvements or find issues, please submit an issue or pull request.

Citation

Please cite the published paper below. Open paper versions are linked at the top of this README.

@article{zheng2026qwen3quantization,
  title = {An Empirical Study of {Qwen3} Quantization},
  author = {Xingyu Zheng and Yuye Li and Haoran Chu and Yue Feng and Xudong Ma and Zining Wang and Jie Luo and Jinyang Guo and Haotong Qin and Michele Magno and Xianglong Liu},
  journal = {Visual Intelligence},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {11},
  doi = {10.1007/s44267-026-00114-4},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s44267-026-00114-4}
}