bsergi · Aug 24, 2026 · Apr 16, 2026 · Apr 16, 2026 · Apr 16, 2026 · Apr 16, 2026
diff --git a/cases.csv b/cases.csv
@@ -224,7 +224,9 @@ GSw_MethaneLeakageScen,Fractional leakage of methane from upstream natural gas p
 GSw_MGA_CostDelta,MGA: Fraction by which to allow objective function to increase when using Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA is turned off if set to 0; a common choice for MGA is 0.01),float,0,
 GSw_MGA_Direction,MGA: Directionality of second optimization,(min|max),min,
 GSw_MGA_Objective,MGA: Objective for MGA (uses GSw_MGA_SubObjective to specify technology subset if set to capacity),(capacity|generation|transmission|rasharing|co2|employment),capacity,
-GSw_MGA_SubObjective,MGA: Technology subset to minimize or maximize the capacity or generation of (only used for GSw_MGA_Objective=(capacity or generation)),(battery|ccs|coal|dac|fossil|gas|gentech|geo|h2_combustion|h2_gen|hydro|nuclear|ofswind|onswind|pv|re|storage|upv|vre|wind),gentech,
+GSw_MGA_SubObjective,MGA: Technology subset to minimize or maximize the capacity or generation of (only used for GSw_MGA_Objective=(capacity or generation); must be a column of tech-subset-table.csv),(battery|bio|ccs|coal|dac|fossil|gas|gentech|geo|h2_combustion|h2_gen|hydro|nuclear|ofswind|onswind|psh|pv|re|storage|upv|vre|wind),gentech,
+GSw_MGA_RV_runs,"MGA: Number of samples drawn for the random vector weights that are applied to variables specified in GSw_MGA_Objective and GSw_MGA_SubObjective. Only active when GSw_MGA_CostDelta != 0; set to an integer N>0 to run N ReEDS simulations with sampling (0 disables sampling).",int,0,
+GSw_MGA_RV_region,"MGA: regionality to use with random vector method (active when GSw_MGA_RV_runs>=1)",r; nercr; transreg; transgrp; cendiv; st; interconnect; country; usda_region,r,
 GSw_MinCF,Turn on/off regional min CF constraint (applied at i/r level),0; 1,1,
 GSw_Mingen,Turn on/off min-gen constraints by r/h/szn,0; 1,0,
 GSw_MingenFixed,Turn on/off fixed min-gen constraints,0; 1,1,
@@ -393,4 +395,4 @@ resource_adequacy_years,_-delimited years to include in resource adequacy calcul
 MCS_runs,Number of Monte Carlo simulation runs. Set to 0 to disable MCS. Set to an integer N > 0 to run N ReEDS simulations with sampling.,int,0,
 MCS_dist,Name of the `.yaml` file defining the MCS distributions. Use 'default' or a string beginning with 'user' to reference `inputs/userinput/mcs_distributions_{MCS_dist}.yaml`,N/A,default,
 MCS_dist_groups,Define the distribution groups to use in a Monte Carlo Simulation. Each entry should refer to a key from `inputs/userinput/mcs_distributions_{MCS_dist}.yaml` with multiple entries separated by a dot (e.g. Example1.Example2.Example3),N/A,tech,
-MCS_lhs,Option to use random sampling (0) or latin hypercube sampling (1) for Monte Carlo simulation,0; 1,0,
+MCS_lhs,Option to use random sampling (0) or latin hypercube sampling (1) for Monte Carlo simulation (also applies to MGA random vector method when not using discrete sample values),0; 1,0,
diff --git a/cases_test.csv b/cases_test.csv
@@ -1,66 +1,67 @@
-,Default Value,Pacific,USA_defaults,Mid_Case,USA_decarb,github_Pacific,github_Everything,github_MA_county_CC,Pacific_CC,Pacific_weks,Pacific_full_year,Interday_storage,Pacific_2020,Pacific_rep15,WY_county,WECC_county,PJM_county_CC,NYVT_mixed,OR_water,MonteCarlo_Random,MonteCarlo_LHS,Everything,Simple,USA_fast,USA_faster,MultiMetricRA,Pacific_DR,Pacific_MGA,Pacific_LoadSite95,MARICTNYNJPAOH_Offshore,R2P
-ignore,1,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_Region,cendiv/Pacific,,country/USA,country/USA,country/USA,,st/ID.WY.NE.IA.IL,st/MA,,,,,,,st/WY,interconnect/western,transreg/PJM,st/NY.VT,st/OR,st/NE.NY.PA,st/NE.NY.PA,st/ID.WY.NE.IA.IL,st/KS,country/USA,country/USA,st/NY.NJ,,,,st/MA.RI.CT.NY.NJ.PA.OH,
-endyear,2032,,2050,2050,2050,2029,2060,2026,,,,,,,,,,,2035,2030,2030,2060,2035,2050,2050,2050,,,,,
-yearset,,,,,,,2010..2060..10,,,,,,,,,,,,,2010..2050..5,2010..2050..5,2010..2060..10,,2010..2050..5,2010_2025_2050,2010..2050..5,,,,,
-GSw_ZoneSet,,,,,,,z54,z3109,,,,,,,z3109,z3109,z3109,PJMcounty,,,,z54,z134,z54,z48,,,,,,
-GSw_GasCurve,2,,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,
-GSw_Geothermal,,,,2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,0,,,,,,
-GSw_GrowthPenalties,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_Upstream,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_TransHurdleRate,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-distpvscen,,,,,stscen2023_mid_case_95_by_2035,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_AnnualCap,,,,,2,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_AnnualCapScen,,,,,start2024_90pct2035_100pct2045,,start2027_95pct2035,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,start2027_95pct2035,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_LoadProfiles,,,,,EER2025_100by2050,EER2025_IRAlow,EER2025_IRAlow,EER2025_IRAlow,,,,,historic,,,,,,,,,EER2025_100by2050,,,,,historic,,,,
-GSw_NG_CRF_penalty,,,,,ramp_2045,,ramp_2023_2035,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ramp_2023_2035,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_PRM_NetImportLimit,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_RetirePenalty,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_FakeData,,,,,,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_PRM_CapCredit,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_PRM_scenario,,,,,,,,,static,,,,,,,,static,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_PRM_UpdateMethod,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_HourlyType,,,,,,,,,,wek,year,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_InterDayLinkage,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_HourlyWeatherYears,,,,,,,2012_2013,,,,,,2020,2007_2008_2009_2010_2011_2012_2013_2016_2017_2018_2019_2020_2021_2022_2023,,,,,,,,2012_2013,,,,,2018,,,,
-GSw_HourlyClusterMapMethod,,,,,,,,,,,,,,bestfirst,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_WaterCapacity,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_WaterMain,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_WaterUse,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,
-resource_adequacy_years,,,,,,,2011_2012_2013_2021_2022_2023,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2011_2012_2013_2021_2022_2023,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_HourlyClusterAlgorithm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,user,user,,,,,,,,,,
-MCS_runs,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2,2,,,,,,,,,,
-MCS_dist_groups,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,tech.hydro.nuclear.gas.coal.load_country,upv_tri.nuclear_tri.ng_fuel_price_tri.load_country_unif,,,,,,,,,,
-MCS_lhs,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_PRM_StressIterateMax,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,0,0,,,1,1,,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_ReducedResource,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_SitingUPV,,,,,,limited,limited,limited,,,,,,,,,,,,,,limited,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_SitingWindOfs,,,,,,limited,limited,limited,,,,,,,,,,,,,,open,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_SitingWindOns,,,,,,limited,limited,limited,,,,,,,,,,,,,,limited,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_TransScen,,,,,,,NTP_MT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NTP_MT,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_CO2_Detail,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_DAC,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_NoFossilOffsetCDR,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,
-GSw_Biopower,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,0,,,,,,
-GSw_HourlyChunkLengthRep,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6,4,4,,,,,,
-GSw_HourlyChunkLengthStress,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6,4,4,,,,,,
-GSw_LfillGas,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,0,,,,,,
-GSw_Nuclear,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,0,,,,,,
-GSw_OpRes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,0,,,,,,
-GSw_StartCost,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,0,0,,,,,,
-GSw_H2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,0,,,,,,
-GSw_H2_PTC,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,0,,,,,,
-GSw_H2Combustion,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,
-GSw_PRM_StressThresholdMetrics,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NEUE/LOLH/LOLE/LOLD/duration/depth,,,,,
-GSw_DRShed,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,
-GSw_MGA_CostDelta,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0.01,,,
-GSw_LoadSiteCF,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0.95,,
-GSw_OffshoreZones,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,
-GSw_OffshoreBackbone,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,
-GSw_OffshoreBackflow,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,
-pras_agg_ogs_lfillgas,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1
-pras_existing_unit_size,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0
-pras_scheduled_outage,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0
-pras_unitsize_source,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,r2x
-pras_vre_combine,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1
-pras_samples,,,,,,10,10,10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,10,10,,,,,,
+,Default Value,Pacific,USA_defaults,Mid_Case,USA_decarb,github_Pacific,github_Everything,github_MA_county_CC,Pacific_CC,Pacific_weks,Pacific_full_year,Interday_storage,Pacific_2020,Pacific_rep15,WY_county,WECC_county,PJM_county_CC,NYVT_mixed,OR_water,MonteCarlo_Random,MonteCarlo_LHS,Everything,Simple,USA_fast,USA_faster,MultiMetricRA,Pacific_DR,Pacific_MGA,Pacific_MGA_RV,Pacific_LoadSite95,MARICTNYNJPAOH_Offshore,R2P
+ignore,1,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_Region,cendiv/Pacific,,country/USA,country/USA,country/USA,,st/ID.WY.NE.IA.IL,st/MA,,,,,,,st/WY,interconnect/western,transreg/PJM,st/NY.VT,st/OR,st/NE.NY.PA,st/NE.NY.PA,st/ID.WY.NE.IA.IL,st/KS,country/USA,country/USA,st/NY.NJ,,,,,st/MA.RI.CT.NY.NJ.PA.OH,
+endyear,2032,,2050,2050,2050,2029,2060,2026,,,,,,,,,,,2035,2030,2030,2060,2035,2050,2050,2050,,,,,,
+yearset,,,,,,,2010..2060..10,,,,,,,,,,,,,2010..2050..5,2010..2050..5,2010..2060..10,,2010..2050..5,2010_2025_2050,2010..2050..5,,,,,,
+GSw_ZoneSet,,,,,,,z54,z3109,,,,,,,z3109,z3109,z3109,PJMcounty,,,,z54,z134,z54,z48,,,,,,,
+GSw_GasCurve,2,,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,,
+GSw_Geothermal,,,,2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,0,,,,,,,
+GSw_GrowthPenalties,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_Upstream,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_TransHurdleRate,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+distpvscen,,,,,stscen2023_mid_case_95_by_2035,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_AnnualCap,,,,,2,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_AnnualCapScen,,,,,start2024_90pct2035_100pct2045,,start2027_95pct2035,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,start2027_95pct2035,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_LoadProfiles,,,,,EER2025_100by2050,EER2025_IRAlow,EER2025_IRAlow,EER2025_IRAlow,,,,,historic,,,,,,,,,EER2025_100by2050,,,,,historic,,,,,
+GSw_NG_CRF_penalty,,,,,ramp_2045,,ramp_2023_2035,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ramp_2023_2035,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_PRM_NetImportLimit,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_RetirePenalty,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_FakeData,,,,,,1,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_PRM_CapCredit,,,,,,,,1,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_PRM_scenario,,,,,,,,,static,,,,,,,,static,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_PRM_UpdateMethod,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_HourlyType,,,,,,,,,,wek,year,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_InterDayLinkage,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_HourlyWeatherYears,,,,,,,2012_2013,,,,,,2020,2007_2008_2009_2010_2011_2012_2013_2016_2017_2018_2019_2020_2021_2022_2023,,,,,,,,2012_2013,,,,,2018,,,,,
+GSw_HourlyClusterMapMethod,,,,,,,,,,,,,,bestfirst,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_WaterCapacity,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_WaterMain,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_WaterUse,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+resource_adequacy_years,,,,,,,2011_2012_2013_2021_2022_2023,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2011_2012_2013_2021_2022_2023,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_HourlyClusterAlgorithm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,user,user,,,,,,,,,,,
+MCS_runs,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2,2,,,,,,,,,,,
+MCS_dist_groups,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,tech.hydro.nuclear.gas.coal.load_country,upv_tri.nuclear_tri.ng_fuel_price_tri.load_country_unif,,,,,,,,,,,
+MCS_lhs,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_PRM_StressIterateMax,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,0,0,,,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_ReducedResource,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_SitingUPV,,,,,,limited,limited,limited,,,,,,,,,,,,,,limited,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_SitingWindOfs,,,,,,limited,limited,limited,,,,,,,,,,,,,,open,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_SitingWindOns,,,,,,limited,limited,limited,,,,,,,,,,,,,,limited,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_TransScen,,,,,,,NTP_MT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NTP_MT,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_CO2_Detail,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_DAC,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_NoFossilOffsetCDR,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,
+GSw_Biopower,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,0,,,,,,,
+GSw_HourlyChunkLengthRep,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6,4,4,,,,,,,
+GSw_HourlyChunkLengthStress,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6,4,4,,,,,,,
+GSw_LfillGas,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,0,,,,,,,
+GSw_Nuclear,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,0,,,,,,,
+GSw_OpRes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,0,,,,,,,
+GSw_StartCost,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,0,0,,,,,,,
+GSw_H2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,0,,,,,,,
+GSw_H2_PTC,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,0,,,,,,,
+GSw_H2Combustion,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,
+GSw_PRM_StressThresholdMetrics,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,NEUE/LOLH/LOLE/LOLD/duration/depth,,,,,,
+GSw_DRShed,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,,,
+GSw_MGA_CostDelta,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0.01,0.01,,,
+GSw_MGA_RV_runs,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2,,,
+GSw_LoadSiteCF,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0.95,,
+GSw_OffshoreZones,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,
+GSw_OffshoreBackbone,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,
+GSw_OffshoreBackflow,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,
+pras_agg_ogs_lfillgas,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1
+pras_existing_unit_size,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0
+pras_scheduled_outage,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0
+pras_unitsize_source,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,r2x
+pras_vre_combine,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1
+pras_samples,,,,,,10,10,10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,10,10,,,,,,,
diff --git a/docs/source/user_guide.md b/docs/source/user_guide.md
@@ -631,8 +631,17 @@ Options are the column names in the `inputs/tech-subset-table.csv` file.
 
 Users familiar with GAMS can add alternative objective functions to the `d_mga.gms` file and associated options to the `GSw_MGA_Objective` switch in `cases.csv`.
 
+By default the MGA min/max is applied to the sum of the variable across all regions being modeled.
+The MGA approach also supports an option to randomly sample of a vector of weights to apply to the regional values of the variable being optimized.
+This method can be used to characterize the uncertainty in the regional distribution of the results.
+Weights are sampled as discrete values from {-1,1} to allow for simultaneous minimization and maximization.
 
+The MGA random vector capability is controlled by the following switches:
+- `GSw_MGA_RV_runs` (default `0`): Number of random samples of weight vectors to draw; corresponds to the number of runs.
+- `GSw_MGA_RV_region` (default `r`): Regionality level (specified by hierarchy file) over which to sample the random weights. 
 
+Note that this capability is currently only supported when `GSw_MGA_Objective = (capacity or generation)`. 
+Weights for each run are stored in the `mga_weights` parameter.
 
 ## Uncertainty Plots
 

diff --git a/reeds/core/setup/b_inputs.gms b/reeds/core/setup/b_inputs.gms
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ $gdxin
 set land(r) "land-based (not offshore) zones" ;
 land(r)$[not offshore(r)] = yes ;
 
+
+
 sets
 *The following two sets:
 *ban - will remove the technology from being considered, anywhere
@@ -5356,26 +5358,6 @@ z_rep_op(t) = 0 ;
 *====================================
 *     --- Employment Factors ---
 *====================================
-* Employment factors of construction and operation of power plants
-$onempty
-Table employment_factor_plant(i,jtype) "--job-years/MW (construction), job-years/MW-year (fom) or job-years/MWh (vom)-- employment factors of power plants by technology and job type"
-$offlisting
-$ondelim
-$include inputs_case%ds%employment_factor_plant.csv
-$offdelim
-$onlisting
-;
-$offempty
-
-* Employment factors of transmission deployment and flow
-parameter employment_factor_inter_transmission(jtype)  "--job-years/$ (construction) -- construction employment factors of transmission lines"
-/
-$offlisting
-$ondelim
-$include inputs_case%ds%employment_factor_inter_transmission.csv
-$offdelim
-$onlisting
-/ ;
 
 * If upgrade techs, construction employment factor is adjusted by upgrade ratio
 * calculated as the ratio of the difference in capital costs between the initial 
@@ -5400,6 +5382,31 @@ employment_factor_plant(i,"construction")
     = employment_factor_plant(i,"construction") * upgrade_ratio(i) ;
 $endif.upgrade_ef
 
+*====================================
+* --- MGA Random Vector Weights ---
+*====================================
+
+$ifthene.mgaobj ((sameas(%GSw_MGA_Objective%,capacity))or(sameas(%GSw_MGA_Objective%,generation)))
+
+parameter mga_weights(r,i_subtech) "--unitless-- weight to assign to given MGA subobjective by region" ;
+
+$ifthene.mga_rv (%GSw_MGA_RV_runs%>=1)
+parameter mga_weights_in(r,i_subtech)
+/
+$offlisting
+$ondelim
+$include inputs_case%ds%mga_weights.csv
+$offdelim
+$onlisting
+/ ;
+mga_weights(r,i_subtech) = mga_weights_in(r,i_subtech) ;
+$else.mga_rv
+mga_weights(r,i_subtech) = 1 ;
+$endif.mga_rv
+
+$endif.mgaobj
+
+
 *================================================================================================
 *== h- and szn-dependent sets and parameters (declared here, populated in 2_temporal_params) ===
 *================================================================================================

diff --git a/reeds/core/setup/d_mga.gms b/reeds/core/setup/d_mga.gms
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ eq_MGA_Objective$Sw_MGA..
         $[tmodel(t)
         $valcap(i,v,r,t)
         $%GSw_MGA_SubObjective%(i)],
-        CAP(i,v,r,t)
+        CAP(i,v,r,t) 
+        * sum{i_subtech$i_subsets(i,i_subtech), mga_weights(r,i_subtech)}
     }
 ;
 
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ eq_MGA_Objective$Sw_MGA..
         $valgen(i,v,r,t)
         $%GSw_MGA_SubObjective%(i)],
         GEN(i,v,r,h,t) * hours(h)
+        * sum{i_subtech$i_subsets(i,i_subtech), mga_weights(r,i_subtech)}
     }
 ;
 

diff --git a/reeds/input_processing/copy_files.py b/reeds/input_processing/copy_files.py
@@ -1005,8 +1005,24 @@ def write_miscellaneous_files(
     ef_trans = pd.read_csv(
         os.path.join(reeds_path,'inputs','employment','employment_factor_inter_transmission.csv'),
         index_col=0)
-    ef_trans[ef_trans.index == sw['GSw_EmploymentFactor']].T.round(8).to_csv(
-        os.path.join(inputs_case,'employment_factor_inter_transmission.csv'),header=False)
+    ef_trans = ef_trans[ef_trans.index == sw['GSw_EmploymentFactor']].T.round(8)
+    ef_trans.index.name = 'jtype'
+    ef_trans = ef_trans.rename(columns={sw['GSw_EmploymentFactor']:'Value'})
+    reeds.io.write_to_inputs_h5(
+        ef_trans, 'employment_factor_inter_transmission', inputs_case, gamstype='parameter',
+        comment='--job-years/$ (construction)-- construction employment factors of transmission lines',
+    )
+
+    # Plant employment factors:
+    employment_factor_plant = pd.read_csv(
+        os.path.join(inputs_case, 'employment_factor_plant.csv'), index_col=0
+        ).rename_axis('i').reset_index().melt(id_vars='i', var_name='jtype', value_name='Value')
+
+    reeds.io.write_to_inputs_h5(
+        employment_factor_plant, 'employment_factor_plant', inputs_case, gamstype='parameter',
+        comment='--job-years/MW (construction), job-years/MW-year (fom) or job-years/MWh (vom)-- '
+                'employment factors of power plants by technology and job type',
+    )
 
     # Add this_year to years_until_endogenous to generate the tech-specific firstyear parameter
     scalars = reeds.io.get_scalars(full=True)
@@ -1341,10 +1357,10 @@ def main(reeds_path, inputs_case):
 
     # ---- Set up logger ----
     tic = datetime.datetime.now()
-    log = reeds.log.makelog(
-        scriptname=__file__,
-        logpath=os.path.join(inputs_case,'..','gamslog.txt'),
-    )
+    # log = reeds.log.makelog(
+    #     scriptname=__file__,
+    #     logpath=os.path.join(inputs_case,'..','gamslog.txt'),
+    # )
 
     print('Starting copy_files.py')
     main(reeds_path, inputs_case)