fs: do not swallow exceptions thrown by completion callbacks

[marcopiraccini]

Since #57706 the completion callbacks of fs.mkdtemp, fs.realpath.native, fs.readlink, fs.mkdir({ recursive }), fs.readdir({ recursive }) and dir.read() call into JS while the TryCatch meant for StringBytes::Encode is still in scope.
Any exception thrown by the user callback, or by the nextTick queue drained right after it (e.g. after await fsp.mkdtemp()), is swallowed: the process prints nothing and exits 0, and uncaughtException never fires. v22 is not affected.

This moves the TryCatch into a small helper that produces the value first and calls Resolve()/Reject() only after leaving it.

Fixes: #65667

NOTE: make lint-js currently fails until #66307 lands

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 80.64516% with 6 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 90.39%. Comparing base (8812357) to head (57b5139).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/node_file-inl.h	60.00%	4 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #66308      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   90.36%   90.39%   +0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         790      790              
  Lines      274292   274275      -17     
  Branches    52510    52491      -19     
==========================================
+ Hits       247874   247927      +53     
+ Misses      16901    16837      -64     
+ Partials     9517     9511       -6     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/node_dir.cc	71.61% <100.00%> (+0.82%)	⬆️
src/node_file.cc	75.44% <100.00%> (+0.22%)	⬆️
src/node_file-inl.h	83.59% <60.00%> (-1.47%)	⬇️

... and 29 files with indirect coverage changes

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